Fitting system for sporting equipment

ABSTRACT

Enables a fitting system for sporting equipment using an application that executes on a mobile phone for example to prompt and accept motion inputs from a given motion capture sensor to measure a user&#39;s size, range of motion, speed and then utilizes that same sensor to capture motion data from a piece of equipment, for example to further optimize the fit of, or suggest purchase of a particular piece of sporting equipment. Utilizes correlation or other data mining of motion data for size, range of motion, speed of other users to maximize the fit of a piece of equipment for the user based on other user&#39;s performance with particular equipment. For example, this enables a user of a similar size, range of motion and speed to data mine for the best performance equipment, e.g., longest drive, lowest putt scores, highest winning percentage, etc., associated with other users having similar characteristics.

This application is a continuation of U.S. Utility patent applicationSer. No. 13/757,029 filed 1 Feb. 2013, which is a continuation-in-partof U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/737,956 filed 10 Jan.2013, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent applicationSer. No. 13/679,879 filed 16 Nov. 2012, which is a continuation-in-partof U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/298,158 filed 16 Nov.2011 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent applicationSer. No. 13/267,784 filed 6 Oct. 2011 which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/219,525 filed 26 Aug. 2011which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser.No. 13/191,309 filed 26 Jul. 2011, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/048,850 filed 15 Mar. 2011,which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser.No. 12/901,806 filed 11 Oct. 2010, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/868,882 filed 26 Aug. 2010,the specifications of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

One or more embodiments setting forth the ideas described throughoutthis disclosure pertain to the field of sporting equipment fitting. Oneor more embodiments present information associated with an optimallyfitting piece of sporting equipment, for example the best performingpiece of equipment associated with a group of second users within arange or correlation of size, range of motion or speed or anycombination thereof, with respect to the user. For example, embodimentsmay present information related to a particular make, model, dimension,weight, length, stiffness, or other parameter associated with a piece ofsporting equipment through use of a motion capture sensor to measure auser's various dimensions or sizes, range of motion and speed and/oracceleration for example. Embodiments for example prompt for and acceptmovement to determine distance and/or speed between two locations and/orthrough a rotation. For example embodiments may be utilized to determineheight, arm length, wrist to floor distance, hand size, longest fingersize, arm length, leg length torso length, range of motion, such as butnot limited to flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, outwardrotation, inward rotation, pronation, supination, inversion andeversion, and speed through any motion or rotation. The distance, rangeof motion and speed may be obtained for any limb or through motion ofany joint or portion of the human body for example. Embodiments mayfurther utilize the same sensor for example after coupling the sensor tothe piece of equipment, to obtain motion capture data from the piece ofequipment, such as speed of the equipment when moved through a typicaltype of motion for the piece of equipment, for example to furtheroptimize the fit. The fit may be optimized by data mining or otherwisethrough calculation of a correlation of dimensions, range of motion, forexample static-active, static-passive and/or dynamic/kinetic range ofmotion, speed/acceleration, etc., with various other users, whetheralive or historical as calculated through visual or other methods.Embodiments thus determine the best performing equipment for thatparticular type of user, i.e., within a range of size, range of motion,speed, for example the make/model of the longest hitting, most accurate,maximum or minimum scoring, etc., as previously obtained and/ordetermined from or based on other users having the closest dimensions,range of motion and speed. Embodiments also enable purchasing of theequipment via the mobile device, whether the piece of equipment is shownon television or other broadcast or based on the user's previousperformance data or current performance data. Embodiments may further beconfigured to predict a first derivative or other derivate based on ageor growth rates to determine the best fitting equipment for childrenthat will fit for the longest time or otherwise minimize costs andmaximize usage of equipment as well. Other embodiments of the inventionmay suggest exercises and/or stretches that would improve performance toa predicted performance level based on other users performance data andsuggest equipment that would be appropriate for an increase strength orflexibility so that users can “grow into” or “improve into” equipment.In addition, other embodiments of the invention may be utilized overtime to detect tight areas or areas that may be indicative of injury forexample and alert the user. One or more embodiments of the invention maybe utilized for gait analysis for fitting of shoes.

2. Description of the Related Art

There are no known systems that use a given motion capture sensor tomeasure a user's size, range of motion, speed and then utilize that samesensor to capture motion data from a piece of sporting equipment, forexample to further optimize the fit of a particular piece of sportingequipment or to gather performance data over time from the same sensor.Existing sporting equipment fitting systems are generally based on sizemeasurements of a user. These systems generally do not take into accountthe range of motion or direct measurements of speed through the range ofmotion of various joints of a user to optimize a fit for a piece ofsporting equipment. There are no known fitting systems based on motioncapture data obtained from high resolution sensors, for example thatinclude use of previously stored high resolution motion data from theuser or other users or piece of equipment, or from motion capture dataobtained through the analysis of historical videos for example. Knownsystems do not contemplate data mining of motion data and size, range ofmotion, speed and age of other users to maximize the performance of theuser.

In addition, known systems do not provide a sensor and “app” that may beinexpensively obtained and utilized on a ubiquitous mobile device suchas a mobile telephone to prompt for and obtain distance, dimensions,range of motion, speed or other measurement data and suggest optimalequipment and enable the user to immediately purchase the optimallyfitting equipment from the same mobile device.

Specifically, most motion capture systems are generally utilized toobserve and/or teach effective body mechanics and utilize videorecording of an athlete and analysis of the recorded video of anathlete. This technique has various limitations including inaccurate andinconsistent subjective analysis based on video for example. Anothertechnique includes motion analysis, for example using at least twocameras to capture three-dimensional points of movement associated withan athlete. Known implementations utilize a stationary multi-camerasystem that is not portable and thus cannot be utilized outside of theenvironment where the system is installed, for example during anathletic event such as a golf tournament. These fixed installations areextremely expensive as well. Such prior techniques are summarized inU.S. Pat. No. 7,264,554, filed 26 Jan. 2006, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/647,751 filed 26 Jan.2005, the specifications of which are both hereby incorporated herein byreference. Both disclosures are to the same inventor of the subjectmatter of the instant application. Regardless of the motion capture dataobtained, the data is generally analyzed on a per user or per swingbasis that does not contemplate processing on a mobile phone, so that auser would only buy a motion capture sensor and an “app” for apre-existing mobile phone. In addition, existing solutions do notcontemplate mobile use, analysis and messaging and/or comparison to oruse of previously stored motion capture data from the user or otherusers or data mining of large data sets of motion capture data, forexample to obtain or create motion capture data associated with a groupof users, for example professional golfers, tennis players, baseballplayers or players of any other sport to provide a “professional level”average or exceptional virtual reality opponent. To summarize, motioncapture data is generally used for immediate monitoring or sportsperformance feedback and generally has had limited and/or primitive usein other fields. Any uses for the data with respect to fitting arelimited, and generally based on the size of the user and do not utilizea given sensor to measure the user's size, range of motion and speed aswell as the motion of the piece of equipment, for example after couplingthe motion capture sensor to the piece of equipment after the uncoupledsensor is utilized in measuring physical parameters of the user withoutthe piece of equipment.

Known motion capture systems generally utilize several passive or activemarkers or several sensors. There are no known systems that utilize aslittle as one visual marker or sensor and an app that for exampleexecutes on a mobile device that a user already owns, to analyze anddisplay motion capture data associated with a user and/or piece ofequipment. The data is generally analyzed in a laboratory on a per useror per swing basis and is not used for any other purpose besides motionanalysis or representation of motion of that particular user and isgenerally not subjected to data mining. This also makes fitting forsporting equipment more difficult for the user, since the user musttravel to a particular installation for custom fitting for example.

There are no known systems that allow for motion capture elements suchas wireless sensors to seamlessly integrate or otherwise couple with auser or shoes, gloves, shirts, pants, belts, or other equipment, such asa baseball bat, tennis racquet or golf club for local analysis or lateranalysis in such a small format that the user is not aware that thesensors are located in or on these items. There are no known systemsthat provide seamless mounts, for example in the weight port of a golfclub or at the end shaft near the handle so as to provide a wirelessgolf club, configured to capture motion data. Data derived from existingsensors is not saved in a database for a large number of events and isnot used relative to anything but the performance at which the motioncapture data was acquired. In addition, known motion capture sensors arespecifically designed to mount to a piece of sporting equipment in aparticular manner and are not intended to measure the user's size, rangeof motion or speed for example without being mounted on the piece ofsporting equipment.

In addition, for sports that utilize a piece of equipment and a ball,there are no known portable systems that allow the user to obtainimmediate visual feedback regarding ball flight distance, swing speed,swing efficiency of the piece of equipment or how centered an impact ofthe ball is, i.e., where on piece of equipment the collision of the ballhas taken place. These systems do not allow for user's to play gameswith the motion capture data acquired from other users, or historicalplayers, or from their own previous performances. Known systems do notallow for data mining motion capture data from a large number of swingsto suggest or allow the searching for better or optimal equipment tomatch a user's motion capture data and do not enable original equipmentmanufacturers (OEMs) to make business decisions, e.g., improve theirproducts, compare their products to other manufacturers, up-sellproducts or contact users that may purchase different or more profitableproducts.

In addition, there are no known systems that utilize motion capture datamining for equipment fitting and subsequent point-of-sale decisionmaking for instantaneous purchasing of equipment that fits an athlete.Furthermore, no known systems allow for custom order fulfillment such asassemble-to-order (ATO) for custom order fulfillment of sportingequipment, for example equipment that is built to customerspecifications based on motion capture data mining, and shipped to thecustomer to complete the point of sales process, for example during playor virtual reality play or for example during a television broadcast.

There are no known systems that enable data mining for a large number ofusers related to their motion or motion of associated equipment to findpatterns in the data that allows for business strategies to bedetermined based on heretofore undiscovered patterns related to motion.There are no known systems that enable obtain payment from OEMs, medicalprofessionals, gaming companies or other end users to allow data miningof motion data. For at least the limitations described above there is aneed for a fitting system for sporting equipment that utilizes an motioncapture sensor, for example uncoupled from the piece of sportingequipment to measure a user's size, range of motion and speed andoptimize a fit for a piece of sporting equipment after coupling themotion capture sensor to the piece of sporting equipment and deriving anoptimized fit based on current and/or previously stored or calculatedmotion data from the same user or other user's that maximally correlatewith the user's size, range of motion, speed or any other parameterssuch as age.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention enable a fitting system for sportingequipment using an application that executes on a mobile device, forexample a mobile phone, to prompt and accept motion inputs from a givenmotion capture sensor to measure a user's size, range of motion, speedand/or acceleration and then in one or more embodiments utilizes thatsame sensor to capture motion data from a piece of equipment, forexample to further optimize the fit of and/or further collect motioncapture data. Embodiments may provide information related to the optimalfit or otherwise suggest purchase of a particular piece of sportingequipment. Embodiments may utilize correlation or other algorithms ordata mining of motion data for size, range of motion, speed of otherusers to maximize the fit of a piece of equipment for the user based onother user's performance with particular equipment. For example, thisenables a user of a similar size, range of motion and speed to data minefor the best performance equipment, e.g., longest drive, lowest puttscores, highest winning percentage, etc., associated with other usershaving similar characteristics.

Specifically, one or more embodiments of the fitting system for sportingequipment include at least one motion capture element that includes awireless communication interface configured to transmit motion capturedata from the at least one motion capture element and an applicationconfigured to execute on a computer within a mobile device that isconfigured to wirelessly communicate with the motion capture sensor, andoptionally configured to telephonically communicate. In one or moreembodiments the application is configured to prompt a first user to movethe motion capture sensor to a first location, accept a first motioncapture data from the motion capture sensor at the first location viathe wireless communication interface, prompt the first user to move themotion capture sensor to a second location, accept a second motioncapture data or rotation from the motion capture sensor at the secondlocation via the wireless communication interface, calculate a distanceor rotation between the first and second location or rotation based onthe first and second motion capture data. The distance may include aheight or an arm length, or a torso length, or a leg length, or a wristto floor measurement, or a hand size or longest finger size or both thehand size and longest finger size of the first user, or any combinationthereof or any other dimension or length associated with the first user.For example, embodiments of the invention may prompt the user to holdthe motion capture sensor in the user's hand and hold the hand on top ofthe user's head and then prompt the user to place the sensor on theground, to calculate the distance therebetween, i.e., the height of theuser. In another example, the system may prompt the user to hold thesensor in the hand, for example after decoupling the sensor from a golfclub and then prompt the user to place the sensor on the ground. Thesystem then calculates the distance as the “wrist to floor measurement”,which is commonly used in sizing golf clubs for example. Embodiments ofthe system may also prompt the user to move the sensor from the side ofthe user to various positions or rotational values, for example torotate the sensor while at or through various positions to calculate therange of motion, for example through flexion, extension, abduction,adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, etc. The range of motionmay be detected for different types of stretching or movement such asstatic-active, static-passive and/or dynamic/kinetic stretching orrotation of any desired joint or body part. In one or more embodiments,the application is further configured to prompt the first user to couplethe motion capture sensor to a piece of equipment and prompt the firstuser to move the piece of equipment through a movement. The applicationis further configured to accept a third motion capture data from themotion capture sensor for the movement via the wireless communicationinterface and calculate a speed for the movement based on the thirdmotion capture data. In one or more embodiments, the application isconfigured to calculate a correlation between the distance and the speedfor the first user with respect to a plurality of other users andpresent information associated with an optimally fit or sized piece ofequipment associated with a second user having a maximum valuecorrelation with at least the distance and the speed of the first user.One such algorithm may for example provide a list of make and model ofthe lowest scoring golf shaft, or longest hitting baseball batassociated with a similar size/range of motion/speed user. Embodimentsof the user may use the speed of the user through motions or the speedof the equipment through motions or both in correlation calculations forexample. Embodiments may further be configured to predict a firstderivative or other derivate based on age or growth rates to determinethe best fitting equipment for children that will fit for the longesttime or otherwise minimize costs and maximize usage of equipment aswell. Other embodiments of the invention may suggest exercises and/orstretches that would improve performance to a predicted performancelevel based on other users performance data and suggest equipment thatwould be appropriate for an increase strength or flexibility so thatusers can “grow into” or “improve into” equipment. In addition, otherembodiments of the invention may be utilized over time to detect tightareas or areas that may be indicative of injury for example and alertthe user. One or more embodiments of the invention may be utilized forgait analysis for fitting of shoes.

Other embodiments may display one or more images to enable the firstuser to view a sporting event. Embodiments may accept an input from thefirst user to purchase the piece of equipment based the distance, orrange of motion or the speed previously stored with respect to the firstuser or any combination thereof. For example, the piece of equipment maybe shown in the sporting event, but sized to fit the user based on theuser's previously stored or currently accepted or calculated parameters.Embodiments may also prompt the first user for their age and utilizethis when calculation of the correlation is performed. Embodiments maypresent information associated with a grip or length of the optimallysized piece of equipment, or stiffness, or model or manufacturer, or anycombination thereof.

Embodiments of the application may also be configured to recognize whenthe at least one motion capture element is removed from the piece ofequipment based on the motion capture data. The application may forexample accept gestures or analyze the motion to determine that it couldnot be output from a particular piece of equipment based on the motion.Alternatively, or in combination, embodiments of the invention mayrecognize when the at least one motion capture element is coupled withthe piece of equipment based on the motion capture data. For example ifthe motion data is analyzed and is determined to have a path of motionindicative of a baseball bat swing or golf swing then, the system mayindicate that the motion capture sensor is currently coupled to thepiece of equipment. Furthermore, since different pieces of equipment mayutilize the same sensor, for example after decoupling from one andplacing in the other, particular types of motion, for example a skateboard and a tennis racquet may be automatically determined based on abarrel roll of the skateboard or serve of the racquet which indicatesthe path of motion that is unique or at least indicative of that type ofequipment. This enables automatic sensing of the piece of equipmentcurrently coupled with the sensor.

Embodiments of the invention may utilize data mining on the motioncapture data to obtain patterns for users, equipment, or use the motioncapture data of a given user or other user in particular embodiments ofthe invention. Data mining relates to discovering new patterns in largedatabases wherein the patterns are previously unknown. Many methods maybe applied to the data to discover new patterns including statisticalanalysis, neural networks and artificial intelligence for example. Dueto the large amount of data, automated data mining may be performed byone or more computers to find unknown patterns in the data. Unknownpatterns may include groups of related data, anomalies in the data,dependencies between elements of the data, classifications and functionsthat model the data with minimal error or any other type of unknownpattern. Displays of data mining results may include displays thatsummarize newly discovered patterns in a way that is easier for a userto understand than large amounts of pure raw data. One of the results ofthe data mining process is improved market research reports, productimprovement, lead generation and targeted sales. Generally, any type ofdata that will be subjected to data mining must be cleansed, data minedand the results of which are generally validated. Businesses mayincrease profits using data mining. Examples of benefits of embodimentsof the invention include customer relationship management to highlytarget individuals based on patterns discovered in the data. Inaddition, market basket analysis data mining enables identifyingproducts that are purchased or owned by the same individuals and whichcan be utilized to offer products to users that own one product but whodo not own another product that is typically owned by other users. Otherareas of data mining include analyzing large sets of motion data fromdifferent users to suggest exercises to improve performance based onperformance data from other users. For example if one user has lessrotation of the hips during a swing versus the average user, thenexercises to improve flexibility or strength may be suggested by thesystem. In a golf course embodiment, golf course planners may determineover a large amount of users on a golf course which holes should beadjusted in length or difficulty to obtain more discrete values for theaverage number of shots per hole, or for determining the amount of timebetween golfers, for example at a certain time of day or for golfers ofa certain age. In addition, sports and medical applications of datamining include determining morphological changes in user performanceover time, for example versus diet or exercise changes to determine whatimproves performance the most.

For example, embodiments that utilize motion capture elements allow foranalyzing the data obtained from the apparatus and enable thepresentation of unique displays associated with the user, such as 3Doverlays onto images of the body of the user to visually depict thecaptured motion data. In addition, these embodiments may also utilizeactive wireless technology such as BLUETOOTH® Low Energy for a range ofup to 50 meters to communicate with a golfer's mobile computer.Embodiments of the invention also allow for display of queries forcounting a stroke for example as a result of receiving a golf club ID,for example via an RFID reader or alternatively via wirelesscommunication using BLUETOOTH® or IEEE 802.11 for example. Use ofBLUETOOTH® Low Energy chips allows for a club to be in sleep mode for upto 3 years with a standard coin cell battery, thus reducing requiredmaintenance. One or more embodiments of the invention may utilize morethan one radio, of more than one technology for example. This allows fora level of redundancy that increases robustness of the system. Forexample, if one radio no longer functions, e.g., the BLUETOOTH® radiofor example, then the IEEE 802.11 radio may be utilized to transfer dataand warn the golfer that one of the radios is not functioning, whilestill allowing the golfer to record motion data and count shotsassociated with the particular club. For embodiments of the inventionthat utilize a mobile device (or more than one mobile device) withoutcamera(s), sensor data may be utilized to generate displays of thecaptured motion data, while the mobile device may optionally obtainimages from other cameras or other mobile devices with cameras. Forexample, display types that may or may not utilize images of the usermay include ratings, calculated data and time line data. Ratingsassociated with the captured motion can also be displayed to the user inthe form of numerical or graphical data with or without a user image,for example an “efficiency” rating. Calculated data, such as a predictedball flight path data can be calculated and displayed on the mobiledevice with or without utilizing images of the user's body. Datadepicted on a time line can also be displayed with or without images ofthe user to show the relative peaks of velocity for various parts of theequipment or user's body for example. Any of these types of measurementsthat are for example associated with speed are in keeping with thefitting aspects of the invention, and the use of speed herein mayinclude any derived quantity associated with motion for example whenused in conjunction with fitting of equipment with a particular user.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, fixed cameras such as at atennis tournament, football game, baseball game, car or motorcycle race,golf tournament or other sporting event can be utilized with a wirelessinterface located near the player/equipment having motion captureelements so as to obtain, analyze and display motion capture data. Inthis embodiment, real-time or near real-time motion data can bedisplayed on the video for augmented video replays. An increase in theentertainment level is thus created by visually displaying how fastequipment is moving during a shot, for example with rings drawn around aplayers hips and shoulders. Embodiments of the invention also allowimages or videos from other players having mobile devices to be utilizedon a mobile device related to another user so that users don't have toswitch mobile phones for example. In one embodiment, a video obtained bya first user for a piece of sporting equipment in motion that is notassociated with the second user having the video camera equipped mobilephone may automatically transfer the video to the first user for displaywith motion capture data associated with the first user. Video andimages may be uploaded into the database and data mined through imageanalysis to determine the types/colors of clothing or shoes for examplethat users are wearing. The equipment thus analyzed or otherwise inputinto the system may be broadcast so that other embodiments of theinvention may be utilized to purchase the equipment, for example assized to the user, or sized to the user to maximize performance ascorrelated with other users for example.

Based on the display of data, the user can determine the equipment thatfits the best and immediately purchase the equipment, via the mobiledevice. For example, when deciding between two sets of skis, a user maytry out both pairs that are instrumented with motion capture elementswherein the motion capture data is analyzed to determine which pair ofskis enables more efficient movement. For golf embodiments, whendeciding between two golf clubs, a user can take swings with differentclubs and based on the analysis of the captured motion data andquantitatively determine which club performs better, for example inconjunction with size, range of motion or speed of the user or anycombination thereof as determined using a motion capture sensor aloneand/or in combination with a piece of equipment. Custom equipment may beordered through an interface on the mobile device from a vendor that canassemble-to-order customer built equipment and ship the equipment to theuser for example. Shaft lengths for putters for example that are astandard length can be custom made for a particular user based oncaptured motion data as a user putts with an adjustable length shaft forexample. Based on data mining of the motion capture data and shot countdata and distances for example allows for users having similar swingcharacteristics to be compared against a current user wherein equipmentthat delivers longer shots for a given swing velocity for a user of aparticular size and age for example may be suggested or searched for bythe user to improve performance. OEMs may determine that for given swingspeeds, which make and model of club delivers the best overallperformance as well. One skilled in the art will recognize that thisapplies to all activities involving motion, not just golf.

Embodiments of the system may utilize a variety of sensor types. In oneor more embodiments of the invention, active sensors may integrate witha system that permits passive or active visual markers to be utilized tocapture motion of particular points on a user's body or equipment. Thismay be performed in a simply two-dimensional manner or in athree-dimensional manner if the mobile device is configured with two ormore cameras, or if multiple cameras or mobile devices are utilized tocapture images such as video and share the images in order to createtriangulated three-dimensional motion data from a set of two-dimensionalimages obtained from each camera. Another embodiment of the inventionmay utilize inertial measurement units (IMU) or any other sensors thatcan produce any combination of orientation, position, velocity and/oracceleration information to the mobile device. The sensors may thusobtain data that may include any combination of one or more valuesassociated with orientation (vertical or North/South or both), position(either via through Global Positioning System, i.e., “GPS” or throughtriangulation), velocity (in all three axes), acceleration (in all threeaxes). All motion capture data obtained from the various sensor typesmay be saved in a database for analysis, monitoring, compliance, gameplaying or other use and/or data mining, regardless of the sensor type.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a sensor may be utilizedthat includes a passive marker or active marker on an outside surface ofthe sensor, so that the sensor may also be utilized for visual tracking(either two-dimensional or three-dimensional) and for orientation,position, velocity, acceleration or any other physical quantity producedby the sensor. Visual marker embodiments of the motion captureelement(s) may be passive or active, meaning that they may either have avisual portion that is visually trackable or may include alight-emitting element such as a light emitting diode (LED) that allowsfor image tracking in low light conditions. This for example may beimplemented with a graphical symbol or colored marker at the end of theshaft near the handle or at the opposing end of the golf club at thehead of the club. Images or videos of the markers may be analyzedlocally or saved in the database and analyzed and then utilized in datamining.

Embodiments of the motion capture sensors may be generally mounted on ornear one or more end or opposing ends of sporting equipment, for examplesuch as a golf club and/or anywhere in between (for EI measurements) andmay integrate with other sensors coupled to equipment, such as weapons,medical equipment, wristbands, shoes, pants, shirts, gloves, clubs,bats, racquets, balls, etc., and/or may be attached to a user in anypossible manner. For example, a rifle to determine where the rifle waspointing when recoil was detected by the motion capture sensor. Thisdata may be transmitted to a central server, for example using a mobilecomputer such as a mobile phone or other device and analyzed for wargames practice for example. In addition, one or more embodiments of thesensor can fit into a weight port of a golf club, and/or in the handleend of the golf club. Other embodiments may fit into the handle of, orend of, a tennis racquet or baseball bat for example. One or moreembodiments of the invention may also operate with balls that haveintegrated sensors as well. One or more embodiments of the mobile devicemay include a small mountable computer such as an IPOD® SHUFFLE® orIPOD® NANO® that may or may not have integrated displays, and which aresmall enough to mount on a shaft of a piece of sporting equipment andnot affect a user's swing. Alternatively, the system may calculate thevirtual flight path of a ball that has come in contact with equipmentmoved by a player. For example with a baseball bat or tennis racquet orgolf club having a sensor integrated into a weight port of other portionof the end of the club striking the golf ball and having a second sensorlocated in the tip of the handle of the golf club, or in one or moregloves worn by the player, an angle of impact can be calculated for theclub. By knowing the loft of the face of the club, an angle of flightmay be calculated for the golf ball. In addition, by sampling the sensorat the end of the club at a high enough speed to determine oscillationsindicative of where on the face of the club the golf ball was struck, aquality of impact may be determined. These types of measurements and theanalysis thereof help an athlete improve, and for fitting purposes,allow an athlete to immediately purchase equipment that fits correctly.Centering data may be uploaded to the database and data mined forpatterns related to the bats, racquets or clubs with the best centeringon average, or the lowest torsion values for example on a manufacturerbasis for product improvement. Any other unknown patterns in the datathat are discovered may also be presented or suggested to users orsearch on by users, or paid for, for example by manufacturers or users.

One or more embodiments of the motion capture sensor may be removed fromone piece of sporting equipment and placed on another type of equipmentor article of clothing so that the user does not have to purchase motioncapture sensors for all equipment and clothes associated with the user.This is possible since embodiments of the sensor may couple with anyenclosure sized to fit the sensor. In one or more embodiments, a cap isremoved, then the sensor is removed and inserted into another piece ofequipment or article of clothing for example.

One or more embodiments of the sensor may contain charging features suchas mechanical eccentric weight, as utilized in some watches known as“automatic” or “self-winding” watches, optionally including a smallgenerator, or inductive charging coils for indirect electromechanicalcharging of the sensor power supply. Other embodiments may utilize plugsfor direct charging of the sensor power supply or electromechanical ormicroelectromechanical (MEMS) based charging elements. Any other type ofpower micro-harvesting technologies may be utilized in one or moreembodiments of the invention. One or more embodiments of the sensor mayutilize power saving features including gestures that power the sensoron or off. Such gestures may include motion, physical switches, contactwith the sensor, wireless commands to the sensor, for example from amobile device that is associated with the particular sensors. Otherelements that may couple with the sensor includes a battery, low powermicrocontroller, antenna and radio, heat sync, recharger and overchargesensor for example. In addition, embodiments of the invention allow forpower down of some or all of the components of the system until anelectronic signal from accelerometers or a mechanical switch determinesthat the club has moved for example.

One or more embodiments of the invention enable Elasticity Inertia or EImeasurement of sporting equipment and even body parts for example.Placement of embodiments of the sensor along the shaft of a golf club,tennis racquet, baseball bat, hockey stick, shoe, human arm or any otheritem that is not perfectly stiff enables measurement of the amount offlex at points where sensors are located or between sensors. The angulardifferences in the each sensor over time allow for not only calculationof a flex profile, but also a flex profile that is dependent on time orforce. For example, known EI machines use static weights between tosupport points to determine an EI profile. These machines thereforecannot detect whether the EI profile is dependent upon the force appliedor is dependent on the time at which the force is applied, for exampleEI profiles may be non-linear with respect to force or time. Examplematerials that are known to have different physical properties withrespect to time include Maxwell materials and non-Newtonian fluids.

A user may also view the captured motion data in a graphical form on thedisplay of the mobile device or for example on a set of glasses thatcontains a video display. The captured motion data obtained fromembodiments of the motion capture element may also be utilized toaugment a virtual reality display of user in a virtual environment.Virtual reality or augmented reality views of patterns that are found inthe database via data mining are also in keeping with the spirit of theinvention. User's may also see augmented information such as an aimassist or aim guide that shows for example where a shot should beattempted to be placed for example based on existing wind conditions, orto account for hazards, e.g., trees that are in the way of a desireddestination for a ball, i.e., the golf hole for example.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the ideasconveyed through this disclosure will be more apparent from thefollowing more particular description thereof, presented in conjunctionwith the following drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the system that enables a system andmethod for utilizing motion capture data.

FIG. 1A illustrates a logical hardware block diagram of an embodiment ofthe computer.

FIG. 1B illustrates an architectural view of an embodiment of thedatabase utilized in embodiments of the system.

FIG. 1C illustrates a flow chart for an embodiment of the processingperformed by embodiments of the computers in the system as shown inFIGS. 1 and 1A.

FIG. 1D illustrates a data flow diagram for an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 1E illustrates a data flow diagram for an embodiment of the system,including broadcasting components.

FIG. 1F illustrates a flow chart for an embodiment of the system forintermittent data broadcast scenarios.

FIG. 1G illustrates a flow chart for an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the overall modes of the softwareprogrammed to execute on the computer of the mobile device, wherein thecomputer is configured to recognize the motion capture elements, obtaindata, analyze the data and display motion analysis data.

FIG. 3 illustrates displays associated with FIG. 2 in greater detail.

FIG. 4 illustrates and embodiment of the recognition module that isconfigured to assign particular sensors to particular locations on anathlete and/or on a piece of equipment.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the obtain data module that isconfigured to obtain data from a camera (optionally on the mobile deviceor obtain through another camera or camera on another mobile device),data from motion capture elements, i.e., any combination of visualmarkers or sensors as assigned to particular portions of the user's bodyor piece of equipment. In addition, the figure shows displays dataanalyzed by the analysis module and generated by the display module toshow either the user along with motion analysis data, or with motionanalysis data alone.

FIG. 6 illustrates a detailed drill down into the motion analysis datato display including overall efficiency, head, torso, hip, hand, club,left and right foot segment efficiencies. Embodiments of the inventionthus enable physical training specific to the area that a user needs asdetermined by the analysis module.

FIG. 7 illustrates a close up display of motion analysis data associatedwith a user, without use of an image associated with a user.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the motion capture element thatoptionally includes a visual marker and/or sensor.

FIG. 9 illustrates a front view of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the motion capture elementimplemented with a passive marker and gray scale images thereof to showhow the marker can be tracked by obtaining an image and searching for aluminance change from black to white.

FIG. 11 illustrates a hardware implementation of the sensor portion of amotion capture element implemented as a wireless inertial measurementunit, and an embodiment as configured to couple with a weight port of agolf club for example.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the motion capture element asconfigured to couple with different golf club types and a shoe.

FIG. 13 illustrates a close-up of the shoe of FIG. 12 along with apressure map of a shoe configured with a pressure matt inside the shoeconfigured to output pressure per particular areas of the shoe.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of sunglasses configured with anembodiment of the motion capture element.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a display that depicts the locationof a golf ball strike as determined by the oscillations in the golf clubface during and/or after the golf club impacts a golf ball.

FIG. 16 illustrates a camera alignment tool as utilized with embodimentsof the system to create normalized images for capture data mining.

FIG. 17 illustrates a balance box and center alignment line to aid incentering a user to obtain image data.

FIG. 18 illustrates a balance box and center alignment line, along withprimary and secondary shaft lines to aid in centering and analyzingimages of the user.

FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of the display configured to aid inclub fitting for a user, wherein a user may test multiple clubs andwherein the display shows motion analysis data. For embodiments of theinvention may be utilized to obtain sensor data that is utilized forpurchase and order fulfillment options, buttons such as “purchase” and“customer order” may be utilized.

FIG. 20 illustrates an embodiment of the display configured to displaymotion analysis data along with the user, some of which is overlaid ontothe user to aid in understanding the motion analysis data in a morehuman understandable format. In addition, motion analysis dataassociated with the user can be shown numerically as shown for exampleas “efficiency” of the swing, and the velocity of the swing.

FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of the system configured to display auser from multiple angles when multiple cameras are available. One ormore embodiments of the system may show one image of the user at a timein slow motion as the user moves, while changing the angle of the viewof the user in normal time, which is known as BULLET TIME®.

FIG. 22 illustrates another embodiment of the multi-angle display as isalso shown in FIG. 21 wherein this figure also includesthree-dimensional overlay graphics to aid in understanding the motionanalysis data in a more human understandable manner.

FIG. 23 shows an embodiment of the system configured to display motionanalysis data on a mobile computer, personal computer, IPAD® or anyother computer with a display device large enough to display the desireddata.

FIG. 24 illustrates a timeline display of motion analysis data thatshows multiple sensor angular velocities in reference to the world orfor example to a portion of the piece of equipment or object to hit or avirtual spine or a boney landmark, as obtained from sensors on a userand/or on a piece of equipment.

FIG. 25 illustrates a timeline display of motion analysis data thatshows multiple sensor angular speeds obtained from multiple sensors on asecond user and on a piece of equipment. Efficient movement pattern ofbody segments know as a kinetic chain and of kinematic segmentalsequencing.

FIG. 26 illustrates a timeline display of a user along with peak andminimum angular speeds along the timeline shown as events along the timeline instead of as Y-axis data as shown in FIGS. 24 and 25. In addition,a graph showing the lead and lag of the golf club along with the droopand drift of the golf club is shown in the bottom display wherein thesevalues determine how much the golf club shaft is bending in two axes asplotted against time.

FIG. 27 illustrates a display of the calculated flight path of a ballbased on the motion analysis data wherein the display is associated withany type of computer, personal computer, IPAD® or any other type ofdisplay capable of displaying images.

FIG. 28 illustrates a display of the calculated flight path of a ballbased on motion analysis data wherein the display is coupled with amobile device.

FIG. 29 illustrates a display of a broadcast television event wherein atleast one motion capture element in the form of a motion sensor iscoupled with the golf club and optionally the user. The display can beshown in normal time after the athlete strikes the ball, or in slowmotion with motion analysis data including the three-dimensional overlayof the position of the sensor on the end of the club shown as a traceline and including the angle of the plane in which the swing takes placeversus the horizontal plane. In addition, other motion analysis data maybe shown such as the swing speed, distance (calculated or actual) andefficiency.

FIG. 30 illustrates a display of the swing path with a strobe effectwherein the golf club in this example includes sensors on the club headand near the handle, or optionally near the hands or in the gloves ofthe user. Optionally, imaged based processing from a high-speed cameramay be utilized to produce the display. The swing path for good shotscan be compared to swing paths for inaccurate shots to display thedifferences in a human understandable manner.

FIG. 31 illustrates a display of shaft efficiency as measured throughthe golf swing. For example, by obtaining motion capture data near theclub head and club handle, graphical strobe effects and motion analysisdata can show the club head speed, club handle speed and club shaftefficiency in normal time or slow motion.

FIG. 32 illustrates a display of putter head acceleration based on atleast one sensor near the putter head, for example as coupled into theweight port of a putter. The various quantities from the motion analysisdata can be displayed to aid in understanding acceleration patterns forgood putts and bad putts to help viewers understand acceleration in amore human understandable manner.

FIG. 33 illustrates a display of dynamic lie angle, wherein the lieangle of the player at address before swinging at the ball can becompared to the lie angle at impact to help the viewer understand howlie angle effects loft and ball flight.

FIG. 34 illustrates a display of shaft release; wherein the angularrelease velocity of the golf shaft is a large component of theefficiency of a swing. As shown, a display of a golfer that has sensorsnear his waist and hips and sensors on the golf club head and handle, oras determined through image processing with or without visual markers,is shown with the motion analysis data.

FIG. 35 illustrates a display of rotational velocity wherein the faceangle, club face closure in degrees per second, the loft angle and lieangle are shown as obtained from a motion capture element on the clubhead for example.

FIG. 36 illustrates a display of historical players with motion analysisdata computed through image processing to show the performance of greatplayers.

FIG. 36A illustrates a method implemented by the system to enable avirtual game to be played between a player instrumented with a motioncapture sensor, along with an optional second user or previousperformance of the first user along with an optional historical figure.

FIG. 37 illustrates an embodiment of the equation used to calculate theaccelerations in the x, y and z axes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A fitting system for sporting equipment will now be described. In thefollowing exemplary description numerous specific details are set forthin order to provide a more thorough understanding of the ideas describedthroughout this specification. It will be apparent, however, to anartisan of ordinary skill that embodiments of ideas described herein maybe practiced without incorporating all aspects of the specific detailsdescribed herein. In other instances, specific aspects well known tothose of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail soas not to obscure the disclosure. Readers should note that althoughexamples of the innovative concepts are set forth throughout thisdisclosure, the claims, and the full scope of any equivalents, are whatdefine the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the fitting system for sportingequipment 100. As shown, embodiments of the system generally include amobile device 101 and applications that execute thereon, that includescomputer 160, shown as located internally in mobile device 101 as adotted outline, (i.e., also see functional view of computer 160 in FIG.1A), display 120 coupled to computer 160 and a wireless communicationsinterface (generally internal to the mobile device, see element 164 inFIG. 1A) coupled with the computer. Since mobile phones having mobilecomputers are ubiquitous, users of the system may purchase one or moremotion capture elements and an application, a.k.a., “app”, that theyinstall on their pre-existing phone to implement an embodiment of thesystem. Motion capture capabilities are thus available at an affordableprice for any user that already owns a mobile phone, tablet computer,music player, etc., which has never been possible before. Embodiments ofthe mobile device execute the app, which is specifically programmed toprompt and accept motion inputs from a given motion capture sensor asmoved by the user to specific locations or through rotations, to measurea dimension or size of user 150, or range of motion. For example, theapp may prompt the user to move motion capture sensor 111 by hand, afterremoval from piece of equipment 110, between the user's other hand andshoulder. The distance between the two points is shown as length “L”,e.g., of the user's arm. In addition, the system may prompt the user fora range of motion, shown as “ROM” with the sensor held in the other handand with the sensor moved by the user as prompted from the side to thehighest point with the arm extended, or with the wrist rotated while atthe same location, to measure that specific range of motion for thatbody part. Embodiments may optionally only measure a range of motion anddetermine “L” via as the center point of the radius of the range ofmotion as well. The system may also measure the speed, shown as “S” atthe same time or with piece of equipment 110, e.g., after motion capturesensor 111 is again coupled with the piece of equipment as prompted bythe system for example, or alternatively with an existing motion capturesensor mounted on the piece of equipment via mount 192. Embodiments mayalso then utilize the same sensor to capture motion data from the pieceof equipment, for example to further optimize the fit of and/or furthercollect motion capture data. Embodiments may provide information relatedto the optimal fit or otherwise suggest purchase of a particular pieceof sporting equipment. Embodiments may utilize correlation or otheralgorithms or data mining of motion data for size, range of motion,speed of other users to maximize the fit of a piece of equipment for theuser based on other user's performance with particular equipment. Forexample, this enables a user of a similar size, range of motion andspeed to data mine for the best performance equipment, e.g., longestdrive, lowest putt scores, highest winning percentage, etc., associatedwith other users having similar characteristics.

Specifically, one or more embodiments of the fitting system for sportingequipment include at least one motion capture element 111 that includesa wireless communication interface configured to transmit motion capturedata from the at least one motion capture element and an applicationconfigured to execute on computer 160 within a mobile device, e.g., 101,102, 102 a, 102 b, 103 or 105 that is configured to wirelesslycommunicate with the motion capture sensor, and optionally configured totelephonically communicate. FIG. 1G shows the processing that occurs onthe computer. In one or more embodiments the application is configuredto prompt a first user to move the motion capture sensor to a firstlocation at 1181 and accept a first motion capture data from the motioncapture sensor at the first location via the wireless communicationinterface, prompt the first user to move the motion capture sensor to asecond location or rotation at 1182, accept a second motion capture dataor rotation from the motion capture sensor at the second location viathe wireless communication interface, calculate a distance or rotationat 1183 between the first and second location or rotation based on thefirst and second motion capture data. The distance may include a heightor an arm length, or a torso length, or a leg length, or a wrist tofloor measurement, or a hand size or longest finger size or both thehand size and longest finger size of the first user, or any combinationthereof or any other dimension or length associated with the first user.Distances may be calculated by position differences, or by integratingvelocity or doubly integrating acceleration, or in any other mannerdetermining how far apart or how much rotation has occurred depending onthe types of internal sensors utilized in the motion capture sensor asone skilled in the art will appreciate. For example, embodiments of theinvention may prompt the user to hold the motion capture sensor in theuser's hand and hold the hand on top of the user's head and then promptthe user to place the sensor on the ground, to calculate the distancetherebetween, i.e., the height of the user. In another example, thesystem may prompt the user to hold the sensor in the hand, for exampleafter decoupling the sensor from a golf club and then prompt the user toplace the sensor on the ground. The system then calculates the distanceas the “wrist to floor measurement”, which is commonly used in sizinggolf clubs for example. Embodiments of the system may also prompt theuser to move the sensor from the side of the user to various positionsor rotational values, for example to rotate the sensor while at orthrough various positions to calculate the range of motion, for examplethrough flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation,medial rotation, etc. Any of these characteristics, dimensions,distances, lengths or other parameters may be stored in Table 180 ashown in FIG. 1B and associated with the particular user. In one or moreembodiments, the application is further configured to prompt the firstuser to couple the motion capture sensor to a piece of equipment at 1184and prompt the first user to move the piece of equipment through amovement at 1185, for example at the speed intended to be utilized whenplaying a particular sport or executing a particular movement associatedwith a piece of sporting equipment. The application is furtherconfigured to accept a third motion capture data from the motion capturesensor for the movement via the wireless communication interface andcalculate a speed for the movement at 1186 based on the third motioncapture data. In one or more embodiments, the application is configuredto calculate a correlation at 1187 between the distance and the speedfor the first user with respect to a plurality of other users andpresent information associated with an optimally fit or sized piece ofequipment associated with other users. For example, the system maychoose a second user having a maximum value correlation or correlationto the first user within a particular range, for example at least withthe distance and the speed of the first user. The system may then searchthrough the closest parameter users and choose the one with the maximumor minimum performance or score or distance of hitting, etc., and selectthe make/model of the piece of equipment for presentation to the user.For example, one such algorithm may for example provide a list of makeand model of the lowest scoring golf shaft, or longest hitting baseballbat associated with a similar size/range of motion/speed user.Embodiments of the user may use the speed of the user through motions orthe speed of the equipment through motions or both in correlationcalculations for example. The information for the best performingmake/model and size of the piece of equipment is presented to the userat 1188.

Other embodiments may display one or more images to enable the firstuser to view a sporting event, for example via TV 143 or via any of themobile devices, wireless devices capable of displaying an image 103, orother computers 101, 102, 102 a, 102 b or 105. Embodiments may accept aninput from the first user to purchase the piece of equipment based thedistance, or range of motion or the speed previously stored with respectto the first user or any combination thereof. For example, the piece ofequipment may be shown in the sporting event, but sized to fit the userbased on the user's previously stored or currently accepted orcalculated parameters. Embodiments may also prompt the first user fortheir age and utilize this when calculation of the correlation isperformed. Embodiments may present information associated with a grip orlength of the optimally sized piece of equipment, or stiffness, or modelor manufacturer, or any combination thereof.

Embodiments of the application may also be configured to recognize whenthe at least one motion capture element is removed from the piece ofequipment based on the motion capture data. The application may forexample accept gestures or analyze the motion to determine that it couldnot be output from a particular piece of equipment based on the motion.Alternatively, or in combination, embodiments of the invention mayrecognize when the at least one motion capture element is coupled withthe piece of equipment based on the motion capture data. For example ifthe motion data is analyzed and is determined to have a path of motionindicative of a baseball bat swing or golf swing then, the system mayindicate that the motion capture sensor is currently coupled to thepiece of equipment. Furthermore, since different pieces of equipment mayutilize the same sensor, for example after decoupling from one andplacing in the other, particular types of motion, for example a skateboard and a tennis racquet may be automatically determined based on abarrel roll of the skateboard or serve of the racquet which indicatesthe path of motion that is unique or at least indicative of that type ofequipment. This enables automatic sensing of the piece of equipmentcurrently coupled with the sensor.

Each mobile device 101, 102, 102 a, 102 b may optionally include aninternal identifier reader 190, for example an RFID reader, or maycouple with an identifier reader or RFID reader (see mobile device 102)to obtain identifier 191. Alternatively, embodiments of the inventionmay utilize any wireless technology in any of the devices to communicatean identifier that identifies equipment 110 to the system. The systemgenerally may be utilized to fit any type of piece of equipment 110. Themotion capture sensor(s) may couple with the user or piece of equipmentvia mount 192, for example to a golf club, or baseball bat, tennisracquet, hockey stick, weapon, stick, sword, or any other piece ofequipment for any sport, or other sporting equipment such as a shoe,belt, gloves, glasses, hat, or any other item. The at least one motioncapture element 111 may be placed at one end, both ends, or anywherebetween both ends of piece of equipment 110 or anywhere on user 150 andmay be utilized for EI measurements of any item. The motion captureelement may optionally include a visual marker, either passive oractive, and/or may include a wireless sensor, for example any sensorcapable of providing any combination of one or more values associatedwith an orientation (North/South and/or up/down), position, velocityand/or acceleration of the motion capture element. The computer may beconfigured to obtain data associated with an identifier unique to eachpiece of equipment 110, e.g., clothing, bat, etc., for example from anRFID coupled with club 110, i.e., identifier 191, and optionallyassociated with the at least one motion capture element, either visuallyor wirelessly, analyze the data to form motion analysis data and displaythe motion analysis data on display 120 of mobile device 101. Motioncapture element 111 may be mounted on or near the equipment or on ornear the user via motion capture mount 192. The motion capture data frommotion capture element 111, any data associated with the piece ofequipment 110, such as identifier 191 and any data associated with user150, or any number of such users 150, such as second user 152 may bestored in locally in memory, or in a database local to the computer orin a remote database, for example database 172. Data may be stored indatabase 172 from each user 150, 152 for example when a network ortelephonic network link is available from motion capture element 111 tomobile device 101 and from mobile device 101 to network 170 or Internet171 and to database 172. Data mining is then performed on a large dataset associated with any number of users and their specificcharacteristics and performance parameters. For example, in a golfembodiment of the invention, a club ID is obtained from the golf cluband a shot is detected by the motion capture element. Mobile computer101 stores images/video of the user and receives the motion capture datafor the events/hits/shots/motion and the location of the event on thecourse and subsequent shots and determines any parameters for eachevent, such as distance or speed at the time of the event and thenperforms any local analysis and display performance data on the mobiledevice. When a network connection from the mobile device to network 170or Internet 171 is available or for example after a round of golf, theimages/video, motion capture data and performance data is uploaded todatabase 172, for later analysis and/or display and/or data mining. Inone or more embodiments, users 151, such as original equipmentmanufacturers pay for access to the database, for example via a computersuch as computer 105 or mobile computer 101 or from any other computercapable of communicating with database 172 for example via network 170,Internet 171 or via website 173 or a server that forms part of or iscoupled with database 172. Data mining may execute on database 172, forexample that may include a local server computer, or may be run oncomputer 105 or mobile device 101, 102, 102 a or 102 b and access astandalone embodiment of database 172 for example. Data mining resultsmay be displayed on mobile device 101, computer 105, televisionbroadcast or web video originating from camera 130, 130 a and 103 b, or104 or accessed via website 173 or any combination thereof.

One or more embodiments of the system may utilize a mobile device thatincludes at least one camera 130, for example coupled to the computerwithin the mobile device. This allows for the computer within mobiledevice 101 to command the camera 130 to obtain an image or images, forexample of the user during an athletic movement. The image(s) of theuser may be overlaid with displays and ratings to make the motionanalysis data more understandable to a human for example. Alternatively,detailed data displays without images of the user may also be displayedon display 120 or for example on the display of computer 105. In thismanner two-dimensional images and subsequent display thereof is enabled.If mobile device 101 contains two cameras, as shown in mobile device102, i.e., cameras 130 a and 130 b, then the cameras may be utilized tocreate a three-dimensional data set through image analysis of the visualmarkers for example. This allows for distances and positions of visualmarkers to be ascertained and analyzed. Images and/or video from anycamera in any embodiments of the invention may be stored on database172, for example associated with user 150, for data mining purposes. Inone or more embodiments of the invention image analysis on the imagesand/or video may be performed to determine make/models of equipment,clothes, shoes, etc., that is utilized, for example per age of user 150or time of day of play, or to discover any other pattern in the data.

Alternatively, for embodiments of mobile devices that have only onecamera, multiple mobile devices may be utilized to obtaintwo-dimensional data in the form of images that is triangulated todetermine the positions of visual markers. In one or more embodiments ofthe system, mobile device 101 and mobile device 102 a share image dataof user 150 to create three-dimensional motion analysis data. Bydetermining the positions of mobile devices 101 and 102 (via positiondetermination elements such as GPS chips in the devices as is common, orvia cell tower triangulation and which are not shown for brevity but aregenerally located internally in mobile devices just as computer 160 is),and by obtaining data from motion capture element 111 for examplelocations of pixels in the images where the visual markers are in eachimage, distances and hence speeds are readily obtained as one skilled inthe art will recognize.

Camera 103 may also be utilized either for still images or as is nowcommon, for video. In embodiments of the system that utilize externalcameras, any method of obtaining data from the external camera is inkeeping with the spirit of the system including wireless communicationof the data, or via wired communication as when camera 103 is dockedwith computer 105 for example, which then may transfer the data tomobile device 101.

In one or more embodiments of the system, the mobile device on which themotion analysis data is displayed is not required to have a camera,i.e., mobile device 102 b may display data even though it is notconfigured with a camera. As such, mobile device 102 b may obtain imagesfrom any combination of cameras on mobile device 101, 102, 102 a, camera103 and/or television camera 104 so long as any external camera maycommunicate images to mobile device 102 b. Alternatively, no camera isrequired at all to utilize the system.

FIGS. 1 and 1F also illustrate a broadcasting system and method forbroadcasting images with augmented motion data including at least onecamera 103, 104, configured to receive images associated with orotherwise containing at least one motion capture element 111, a computer140, and a wireless communication interface 106 configured to receivemotion capture data from the at least one motion capture element. In oneor more embodiments, the computer 140 is coupled with the wirelesscommunication interface 106 and the at least one camera, and thecomputer 140 is configured to receive the motion capture data after acommunications link to the at least one motion capture element 111 isavailable and capable of receiving information for example as shown inFIG. 1F at 1191. Embodiments also may receive the motion capture dataafter an event or periodically request the motion capture data at 1192as per FIG. 1F from the at least one motion capture element 111 as perFIG. 1. This enables the system to withstand communication link outages,and even enables the synchronization of video with motion capture datain time at a later point in time, for example once the motion captureelement is in range of the wireless receiver. Embodiments may receivemotion capture data from at least one motion capture element 111, forexample from one user 150 or multiple users 150, 151, 152 or both. Oneor more embodiments also may recognize the at least one motion captureelement 111 associated with a user 150 or piece of equipment 110 andassociate the at least one motion capture element 111 with assignedlocations on the user 150 or the piece of equipment 110, at 1193 of FIG.1F. For example, when a user performs a motion event, such as swinging,hitting, striking, or any other type of motion-related activity, thesystem is able to associate the motion event with locations on the user,or equipment such as a golf club, racket, bat, glove, or any otherobject, to recognize, or identify, the at least one motion captureelement. Embodiments may also receive data associated with the at leastone motion capture element 111 via the wireless communication interfaceat 1194 as per FIG. 1F, and also may receive one or more images of theuser associated with the motion capture element at 1195 of FIG. 1F fromthe at least one camera 103, 104. Such data and images allow the systemto, for example, obtain an array of information associated with users,equipment, and events and/or to output various performance elementstherefrom. One or more embodiments may also analyze the data to formmotion analysis data at 1196 of FIG. 1F. Motion analysis data, forexample, allows the system to obtain and/or output computer performanceinformation to for example broadcast to the users, to viewers, coaches,referees, networks, and any other element capable of receiving suchinformation. Motion analysis data for example may show motion relatedquantitative data in a graphical or other easy to understand viewingformat to make the data more understandable to the user than for examplepure numerical lists of acceleration data. For example, as shown in FIG.1F, embodiments of the invention may also at 1197, draw athree-dimensional overlay onto at least one of the one or more images ofthe user, a rating onto at least one of the one or more images of theuser, at least one power factor value onto at least one of the one ormore images of the user, a calculated ball flight path onto at least oneof the one or more images of the user, a time line showing points intime along a time axis where peak values occur onto at least one of theone or more images of the user, an impact location of a ball on thepiece of equipment onto at least one of the one or more images of theuser, a slow motion display of the user shown from around the user atvarious angles at normal speed onto at least one of the one or moreimages of the user, or any combination thereof associated with themotion analysis data. One or more embodiments may also broadcast theimages at 1198, to a multiplicity of display devices includingtelevision 143, mobile devices 101, 102, 102 a, 102 b, computer 105,and/or to the Internet 171. For example, the multiplicity of displaydevices may include televisions, mobile devices, or a combination ofboth televisions and mobile devices, or any other devices configured todisplay images.

FIG. 1E illustrates a data flow diagram for an embodiment of the systemthat enables broadcasting and/or otherwise accessing previously storedmotion capture data or motion analysis data. As shown, the computer 140is coupled camera 104 to obtain image data and with wireless interface106 and with TV broadcast component 141 and may also be configured toaccess previously stored motion capture data or motion analysis dataassociated with the user 150 or piece of equipment 110, or previouslystored motion capture data or motion analysis data associated with atleast one other user 152 or other piece of equipment. The data flow inthis example is from the camera(s) and wireless interface through thecomputer and out to the Internet for viewing on any type of computer 105and/or out to the TV broadcast equipment 141 for over the air, satelliteor other television broadcast mechanism. This allows the system to, forexample, analyze different movements or events associated with oneplayer, a second player, historical players, a first piece of equipmentsuch as a first golf club, or a second piece of equipment such as asecond golf club, in order to obtain motion depiction for statisticaluse, for display use, for use in a game, or any other relatedapplication and broadcast the motion analysis data to a multiplicity oftelevisions or computers viewable by users 151. Embodiments may alsobroadcast information comprising at least one avatar associated with theat least one user on a virtual reality display based on the motionanalysis data associated with the user or piece of equipment and thepreviously stored motion capture data or motion analysis data associatedwith the user or piece of equipment or the previously stored motioncapture data or motion analysis data associated with at least one otheruser or other piece of equipment. For example, a player may play againstan opponent, who may be a historical figure displayed as an avatar forexample on a television 141, 143 or Internet broadcast to show thedifference in performance between the player and a previous shot playedby the same player or any other player. In addition, the images may bedisplayed on the virtual reality display, without the opponent, orhistorical figure, physically present with the player. In addition oralternatively, the computer may also be configured to broadcast the oneor more images based on a comparison of the motion analysis dataassociated with the user or the piece of equipment and previously storedmotion capture data or motion analysis data associated with the user orthe piece of equipment or previously stored motion capture data or themotion analysis data associated with at least one other user. Forexample, this allows the player to be shown in contrast to a novice, anaverage, or a professional level player using motion analysis data fromvarious groups of players.

In one or more embodiments, as also shown in FIG. 1E, the system mayalso comprise an identifier 191 coupled with the user 150, 152 or thepiece of equipment 110. The computer 140 or wireless interface may alsofurther include an identifier reader to obtain the identifier, and thecomputer may be further configured to receive the identifier in anymanner and associate the identifier with the motion analysis data. Thisallows the computer to accurately identify, and/or locate, the userassociated with the motion analysis data. This is especially useful whenmultiple users or several people are located in the same area, or whenmultiple events are taking place in the same area. Embodiments mayfurther be configured to predict a first derivative or other derivatebased on age or growth rates to determine the best fitting equipment forchildren, such as child 152 or adolescent or other user 150, that willfit for the longest time or otherwise minimize costs and maximize usageof equipment as well. This for example may be performed by differencingtwo measurement values in table 180 a, dividing by the difference in thedates when the measurements where taken as per the date/time field, todetermine a rate of growth and predicting a size at a future point intime to determine the longest time that a particular piece of equipmentshould last for the user for example based on predicted growth rates forsimilar persons or persons within an age range. Other embodiments of theinvention may suggest exercises and/or stretches that would improveperformance to a predicted performance level based on other usersperformance data and suggest equipment that would be appropriate for anincrease strength or flexibility so that users can “grow into” or“improve into” equipment. Through use of the range of motion anddate/time fields, and using the differences therebetween, the range ofmotion over time may be shown to increase, decrease or stay the same. Inaddition, other embodiments of the invention may be utilized over timeto detect tight areas or areas that may be indicative of injury forexample and alert the user in a similar manner. For example if the rangeof motion or speed S decreases, over time, the user may be alerted or amassage may be automatically scheduled for example. The user may bealerted in any manner to the changes and exercises or stretches or otherequipment may be suggested to the user. One or more embodiments of theinvention may be utilized for gait analysis for fitting of shoes, forexample for improved standing, walking or running. In one or moreembodiments, the step and stride length and time between steps orcadence, the speed, angle of the foot and other limbs for example ifinstrumented with more than one sensor, the pressure may also beobtained as per FIG. 13 and the associated pressure detecting apparatusand stored for in table 180 a. Any combination of these may bedetermined and/or otherwise derived and utilized for example compared tobaselines or thresholds or ranges to determine where problems exist orwhere a piece of equipment provides adequate or optimal fit.

In one or more embodiments, the computer is further configured tobroadcast the images to enable a multiplicity of viewers to purchase thepiece of equipment based on the images, and may also be configured tobroadcast an advertisement with information related to purchasing thepiece of equipment based the images. For example, the player, or pieceof equipment of interest, may have a new maximum power factor for agiven swing, or compared to the average power factor of average users,or professionals, suggesting that the piece of equipment used by theplayer may improve performance, in the interest of the potential buyer.Furthermore, for example, an advertisement may be displayed at thebottom of a display screen, or anywhere else on a display screen,showing the new maximum power factor along with a URL or otherinformation related to the equipment, allowing the viewer to purchasethe equipment. Other information related to the equipment may comprisephone numbers, addresses, names, vendors, events or any other datahelpful to the viewer in purchasing the equipment. In addition to, oralternatively, the computer may be further configured to broadcast theimages to enable a multiplicity of viewers to order a custom fittedpiece of equipment over a network, for example by specifying theirheight or other dimensions for example alone or in combination withpreviously stored motion capture data or physical parameters as measuredor derived therefrom.

At least one of the previously disclosed embodiments may also beconfigured to intermittently receive the motion capture data andsynchronize the images in time with the motion capture data, for examplefrom motion capture sensor(s) 111. This enables video capture and motioncapture data to be combined at a later timer, as opposed to real-timecombination of video and data. This enables intelligent low power usageon the motion capture element since the transmitter is not required tobe transmitting continuously. In one or more embodiments, the computermay be configured to intermittently receive the motion capture data andsynchronize the images in time with the motion capture data based onlocation information associated with the images, and locationinformation, an identifier and time associated with the motion captureelement. The computer of one or more embodiments may also be configuredto intermittently receive the motion capture data and synchronize theimages in time with the motion capture data based on time and anidentifier associated with the images, and time and an identifierassociated with the motion capture data element. Also, in one or moreembodiments, the computer may be configured to intermittently receivethe motion capture data and synchronize the images in time with themotion capture data based on time, location information and a motionevent associated with the images, and time, location information and amotion event associated with the motion capture data element.Configuring the computer as such allows the system to identify andlocate the user associated with the images and motion capture datareceived, by either using time and an identifier of the images andmotion capture element, or time, location and an event associated withthe images or motion capture data element. Using an identifier, forexample, allows the system to accurately identify a specific motioncapture element associated with the user or piece of equipment,especially when the motion capture data is obtained from a previouslystored or recorded event, rather than in real time. Also, using an eventassociated with the images and motion capture data element, in additionto the location and time, for example, allows the system to accuratelyidentify a specific motion associated with the user or piece ofequipment. A specific motion may include, a swing, a strike, a hit, orany other motion-related data, associated with the user or piece ofequipment. For example, if multiple players are located on a golfcourse, or if a player is advancing from one hole to the next on a golfcourse, using the location, time and event (or identifier in someinstances) associated with the player or pieces of equipment, the systemis able to identify which player performed which event at which locationand at what time. Furthermore, the system is able to correlate the datareceived to the correct player, based on the location, time, and event(or in some instances, identifier) information available. This enablesthe system to broadcast images with augmented motion data at a latertime and still be able to accurately associate the data and informationobtained to a specific user or piece of equipment and to the imagesthereof.

For television broadcasts, motion capture element 111 wirelesslytransmits data that is received by antenna 106. The wireless sensor datathus obtained from motion capture element 111 is combined with theimages obtained from television camera 104 to produce displays withaugmented motion analysis data that can be broadcast to televisions,computers such as computer 105, mobile devices 101, 102, 102 a, 102 b orany other device configured to display images, for example as broadcastusing television broadcast equipment 141. The motion analysis data canbe positioned on display 120, or television 143 or computer screen oncomputer 105 for example by knowing the location of a camera (forexample via GPS information), and by knowing the direction and/ororientation that the camera is pointing so long as the sensor dataincludes location data (for example GPS information). In otherembodiments, visual markers or image processing may be utilized to lockthe motion analysis data to the image, e.g., the golf club head can betracked in the images and the corresponding high, middle and lowposition of the club can be utilized to determine the orientation ofuser 150 to camera 130 or 104 or 103 for example to correctly plot theaugmented data onto the image of user 150. By time stamping images andtime stamping motion capture data, for example after synchronizing thetimer in the microcontroller with the timer on the mobile device andthen scanning the images for visual markers or sporting equipment atvarious positions, simplified motion capture data may be overlaid ontothe images. Any other method of combining images from a camera andmotion capture data may be utilized in one or more embodiments of theinvention. Any other algorithm for properly positioning the motionanalysis data on display 120 with respect to a user (or any otherdisplay such as on computer 105) may be utilized in keeping with thespirit of the system. In one or more embodiments, the velocity of zeropoint in a swing, for example at the maximum of a backswing may beutilized to pinpoint a club head in an image, wherein the maximumrearmost position in the image may be matched with the horizontalorientation obtained from the motion capture data while the strike pointin the image may be matched with the impact point where impactoscillations begin to occur in the motion capture data. A line may bethen drawn, for example tracing the path of the contrast or color of theclub head as directed or accepted as inputs into computer 140. Thepoints that are connected may be further modified on computer 140 andthe drawing may thus be completed and broadcast out to the Internet andover the television broadcast equipment for example.

One such display that may be generated and displayed on mobile device101 include a BULLET TIME® view using two or more cameras selected frommobile devices 101, 102, 102 a, camera 103, and/or television camera 104or any other external camera. In this embodiment of the system, thecomputer is configured to obtain two or more images of user 150 and dataassociated with the at least one motion capture element (whether avisual marker or wireless sensor), wherein the two or more images areobtained from two or more cameras and wherein the computer is configuredto generate a display that shows slow motion of user 150 shown fromaround the user at various angles at normal speed. Such an embodimentfor example allows a group of fans to create their own BULLET TIME® shotof a golf pro at a tournament for example. The shots may be sent tocomputer 105 and any image processing required may be performed oncomputer 105 and broadcast to a television audience for example. Inother embodiments of the system, the users of the various mobile devicesshare their own set of images, and or upload their shots to a websitefor later viewing for example. Embodiments of the invention also allowimages or videos from other players having mobile devices to be utilizedon a mobile device related to another user so that users don't have toswitch mobile phones for example. In one embodiment, a video obtained bya first user for a piece of equipment in motion that is not associatedwith the second user having the video camera mobile phone mayautomatically transfer the video to the first user for display withmotion capture data associated with the first user.

FIG. 1A shows an embodiment of computer 160. In computer 160 includesprocessor 161 that executes software modules, commonly also known asapplications, generally stored as computer program instructions withinmain memory 162. Display interface 163 drives display 120 of mobiledevice 101 as shown in FIG. 1. Optional orientation/position module 167may include a North/South or up/down orientation chip or both.Communication interface 164 may include wireless or wired communicationshardware protocol chips and/or an RFID reader or an RFID reader maycouple to computer 160 externally or in any other manner for example. Inone or more embodiments of the system communication interface mayinclude telephonic and/or data communications hardware. In one or moreembodiments communication interface 164 may include a Wi-Fi™ or otherIEEE 802.11 device and/or BLUETOOTH® wireless communications interfaceor ZigBee® wireless device or any other wireless technology. BLUETOOTH®class 1 devices have a range of approximately 100 meters, class 2devices have a range of approximately 10 meters. BLUETOOTH® Low Powerdevices have a range of approximately 50 meters. Any wireless networkprotocol or type may be utilized in embodiments of the system so long asmobile device 101 and motion capture element 111 can communicate withone another. Processor 161, main memory 162, display interface 163,communication interface 164 and orientation/position module 167 maycommunicate with one another over communication infrastructure 165,which is commonly known as a “bus”. Communications path 166 may includewired or wireless medium that allows for communication with other wiredor wireless devices over network 170. Network 170 may communicate withInternet 171 and/or database 172. Database 172 may be utilized to saveor retrieve images or videos of users, or motion analysis data, or usersdisplayed with motion analysis data in one form or another. The datauploaded to the Internet, i.e., a remote database or remote server ormemory remote to the system may be viewed, analyzed or data mined by anycomputer that may obtain access to the data. This allows for originalequipment manufacturers to determine for a given user what sportingequipment is working best and/or what equipment to suggest. Data miningalso enables the planning of golf courses based on the data and/ormetadata associated with users, such as age, or any other demographicsthat may be entered into the system. Remote storage of data also enablesmedical applications such as morphological analysis, range of motionover time, and diabetes prevention and exercise monitoring andcompliance applications. Data mining based applications also allow forgames that use real motion capture data from other users, one or moreprevious performances of the same user, or historical players whetheralive or dead after analyzing motion pictures or videos of thehistorical players for example. Virtual reality and augmented virtualreality applications may also utilize the motion capture data orhistorical motion data. The system also enables uploading of performancerelated events and/or motion capture data to database 172, which forexample may be implemented as a social networking site. This allows forthe user to “tweet” high scores, or other metrics during or after playto notify everyone on the Internet of the new event.

FIG. 1B illustrates an architectural view of an embodiment of database172 utilized in embodiments of the system. As shown tables 180-185include information related to N number of users, M pieces of equipmentper user, K user measurements (size, range of motion, speed forparticular body parts/joints), P number of sensors per user orequipment, S number of sensor data per sensor, T number of patternsfound in the other tables, and D number of data users. All tables shownin FIG. 1B are exemplary and may include more or less information asdesired for the particular implementation. Specifically, table 180includes information related to user 150 which may include data relatedto the user such as age, height, weight, sex, address or any other data.Table 180 a includes information related to the various distancesbetween joints or any other dimensions of the human body, along with anyrange of motion for any desired parts of the body, along with speed ofany desired parts of the body. The table may contain sport specificvalues of interest “wrist to floor” for golf, or may derive thesequantities based on other measurements for example. Any other physicalcharacteristics may also be stored in this table for a particular useras desired for the particular fitting application. Table 181 includeinformation related to M number of pieces of equipment 110, which mayinclude clubs, racquets, bats, shirts, pants, shoes, gloves, helmets,etc., for example the manufacturer of the equipment, model of theequipment, and type of the equipment. For example, in a golf embodiment,the manufacturer may be the name of the manufacturer, the model may be aname or model number and the type may be the club number, i.e., 9 iron,the equipment ID may be identifier 191 in one or more embodiments of theinvention. Table 182 may include information related to P number ofsensors 111 on user 150 or equipment 110 or mobile computer 101. Thesensors associated with user 150 may include clothing, clubs, etc., thesensors associated with equipment 110 may for example be motion capturedata sensors, while the sensors associated with mobile computer 101 mayinclude sensors 167 for position/orientation and sensors 130 forimages/video for example. Table 183 may include information related to Snumber of sensor data per user per equipment, wherein the table mayinclude the time and location of the sensor data, or any other metadatarelated to the sensor data such as temperature, weather, humidity, etc.,or the sensor data may include this information or any combinationthereof. The table may also contain a myriad of other fields, such asball type, i.e., in a golf embodiment the type of golf ball utilized maybe saved and later data mined for the best performing ball types, etc.Table 184 may include information related to T number of patterns thathave been found in the data mining process for example. This may includefields that have been searched in the various tables with a particularquery and any resulting related results. Any data mining results tabletype may be utilized in one or more embodiments of the invention asdesired for the particular implementation. This may include searchresults of any kind, including EI measurements, which also may becalculated on computer 160 locally, or any other search value fromsimple queries to complex pattern searches. Table 185 may includeinformation related to D number of data mining users 151 and may includetheir access type, i.e., full database or pattern table, or limited to aparticular manufacturer, etc., the table may also include paymentrequirements and/or receipts for the type of usage that the data mininguser has paid for or agreed to pay for and any searches or suggestionsrelated to any queries or patterns found for example. Any other schema,including object oriented database relationships or memory based datastructures that allow for data mining of sensor data including motioncapture data is in keeping with the spirit of the invention. Althoughexemplary embodiments for particular activities are given, one skilledin the art will appreciate that any type of motion based activity may becaptured and analyzed by embodiments of the system using a motioncapture element and app that runs on a user's existing cell phone 101,102 or other computer 105 for example.

There are a myriad of applications that benefit and which are enabled byembodiments of the system that provide for viewing and analyzing motioncapture data on the mobile computer or server/database, for example fordata mining database 172 by users 151. For example, users 151 mayinclude compliance monitors, including for example parents, children orelderly, managers, doctors, insurance companies, police, military, orany other entity such as equipment manufacturers that may data mine forproduct improvement. For example in a tennis embodiment by searching fortop service speeds in Table 183 for users of a particular size, range ofmotion, speed, as per Table 180 a or age via Table 180, or in a golfembodiment by searching for distances, i.e., differences in sequentiallocations in table 183 based on swing speed in the sensor data field intable 183 to determine which make or model would be the optimal scoringor fitting piece of equipment for a particular user based on the dataassociated with other similar users. Other embodiments related tocompliance enable messages from mobile computer 101 or fromserver/database to be generated if thresholds for G-forces, (high orzero or any other levels), to be sent to compliance monitors, managers,doctors, insurance companies, etc., as previously described. Users 151may include marketing personnel that determine which pieces of equipmentcertain users own and which related items that other similar users mayown, in order to target sales at particular users. Users 151 may includemedical personnel that may determine how much movement a sensor forexample coupled with a shoe, i.e., a type of equipment, of a diabeticchild has moved and how much this movement relates to the averagenon-diabetic child, wherein suggestions as per table 185 may includegiving incentives to the diabetic child to exercise more, etc., to bringthe child in line with healthy children. Sports physicians,physiologists or physical therapists may utilize the data per user, orsearch over a large number of users and compare a particular movement ofa user or range of motion for example to other users to determine whatareas a given user can improve on through stretching or exercise andwhich range of motion areas change over time per user or per populationand for example what type of equipment a user may utilize to account forchanges over time, even before those changes take place. Data miningmotion capture data and image data related to motion provides uniqueadvantages to users 151. Data mining may be performed on flex parametersmeasured by the sensors to determine if sporting equipment, shoes, humanbody parts or any other item changes in flexibility over time or betweenequipment manufacturers or any combination thereof.

To ensure that analysis of user 150 during a motion capture includesimages that are relatively associated with the horizon, i.e., nottilted, the system may include an orientation module that executes oncomputer 160 within mobile device 101 for example. The computer isconfigured to prompt a user to align the camera along a horizontal planebased on orientation data obtained from orientation hardware withinmobile device 101. Orientation hardware is common on mobile devices asone skilled in the art will appreciate. This allows the image socaptured to remain relatively level with respect to the horizontalplane. The orientation module may also prompt the user to move thecamera toward or away from the user, or zoom in or out to the user toplace the user within a graphical “fit box”, to somewhat normalize thesize of the user to be captured. Images may also be utilized by users toprove that they have complied with doctors' orders for example to meetcertain motion requirements.

Embodiments of the system are further configured to recognize the atleast one motion capture element associated with user 150 or piece ofequipment 110 and associate at least one motion capture element 111 withassigned locations on user 150 or piece of equipment 110. For example,the user can shake a particular motion capture element when prompted bythe computer within mobile device 101 to acknowledge which motioncapture element the computer is requesting an identity for.Alternatively, motion sensor data may be analyzed for position and/orspeed and/or acceleration when performing a known activity andautomatically classified as to the location of mounting of the motioncapture element automatically, or by prompting the user to acknowledgethe assumed positions.

One or more embodiments of the computer in mobile device 101 isconfigured to obtain at least one image of user 150 and display athree-dimensional overlay onto the at least one image of user 150wherein the three-dimensional overlay is associated with the motionanalysis data. Various displays may be displayed on display 120. Thedisplay of motion analysis data may include a rating associated with themotion analysis data, and/or a display of a calculated ball flight pathassociated with the motion analysis data and/or a display of a time lineshowing points in time along a time axis where peak values associatedwith the motion analysis data occur and/or a suggest training regimen toaid the user in improving mechanics of the user. These filtered oranalyzed data sensor results may be stored in database 172, for examplein table 183, or the raw data may be analyzed on the database (or serverassociated with the database or in any other computer or combinationthereof in the system shown in FIG. 1 for example), and then displayedon mobile computer 101 or on website 173, or via a television broadcastfrom camera 104 for example. Data mining results may be combined in anymanner with the unique displays of the system and shown in any desiredmanner as well.

Embodiments of the system may also present an interface to enable user150 to purchase piece of equipment 110 over the wireless interface ofmobile device 101, for example via the Internet, or via computer 105which may be implemented as a server of a vendor. In addition, forcustom fitting equipment, such as putter shaft lengths, or any othercustom sizing of any type of equipment, embodiments of the system maypresent an interface to enable user 150 to order a customer fitted pieceof equipment over the wireless interface of mobile device 101.Embodiments of the invention also enable mobile device 101 to suggestbetter performing equipment to user 150 or to allow user 150 to searchfor better performing equipment as determined by data mining of database172 for distances of golf shots per club for users with swing velocitieswithin a predefined range of user 150. This allows for real lifeperformance data to be mined and utilized for example by users 151, suchas OEMs to suggest equipment to user 150, and be charged for doing so,for example by paying for access to data mining results as displayed inany computer shown in FIG. 1 or via website 173 for example. In one ormore embodiments of the invention database 172 keeps track of OEM datamining and is configured to bill users 151 for the amount of access eachof users 151 has purchased and/or used for example over a giving billingperiod. See FIG. 1B for example. In addition, for broadcast embodiments,performance data of any form, e.g., overlays or power factors of aplayer on television may be broadcast and displayed on any computercoupled with the system. The broadcast may include an advertisement orinformation that enables purchase of the equipment. The user may input apurchase command into computer 105 or mobile device 101 for the type ofequipment shown, and input their physical characteristics, e.g., height,etc., or the system may retrieve the information from database 172 inorder to enable user 150 or 151 to purchase equipment.

Embodiments of the system are configured to analyze the data obtainedfrom at least one motion capture element and determine how centered acollision between a ball and the piece of equipment is based onoscillations of the at least one motion capture element coupled with thepiece of equipment and display an impact location based on the motionanalysis data. This performance data may also be stored in database 172and used by OEMs or coaches for example to suggest clubs with higherprobability of a centered hit as data mined over a large number ofcollisions for example.

While FIG. 1A depicts a physical device, the scope of the systems andmethods set forth herein may also encompass a virtual device, virtualmachine or simulator embodied in one or more computer programs executingon a computer or computer system and acting or providing a computersystem environment compatible with the methods and processesimplementing the disclosed ideas. Where a virtual machine, process,device or otherwise performs substantially similarly to that of aphysical computer system of the system, such a virtual platform willalso fall within the scope of a system of the disclosure,notwithstanding the description herein of a physical system such as thatin FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1C illustrates a flow chart for an embodiment of the processingperformed and enabled by embodiments of the computers utilized in thesystem. In one or more embodiments of the system, optionally a pluralityof motion capture elements are calibrated (see FIG. 11B for an exampleof a multiple motion capture element mounting device that may be movedin a specific manner to calibrate multiple sensors at once for massproduction). In some embodiments this means calibrating multiple sensorson a user or piece of equipment to ensure that the sensors are alignedand/or set up with the same speed or acceleration values for a giveninput motion. In other embodiments of the invention, this means placingmultiple motion capture sensors on a calibration object that moves andcalibrates the orientation, position, speed, acceleration, or anycombination thereof at the same time. The next optional step involvesproviding motion capture elements and an app for example that allows auser with an existing mobile phone or computer to utilize embodiments ofthe system to obtain motion capture data, and potentially analyze and/orsend messages based thereon. In one or more embodiments, users maysimply purchase a motion capture element and an app and beginimmediately using the system. One or more embodiments of the system alsoallow optionally for providing motion capture mounts for the particulardesired mounting location on a user or equipment. The system capturesmotion data with motion capture element(s) and sends the motion capturedata to a mobile computer 101, 102 or 105 for example, which may includean IPOD®, ITOUCH®, IPAD®, IPHONE®, ANDROID® Phone or any other type ofcomputer that a user may utilize to locally collect data. One or moremounts may be utilized, include for an embodiment of the mobilecomputer, for example a small format IPOD®. This minimizes thecomplexity of the sensor and offloads processing to extremely capablecomputing elements found in existing mobile phones and other electronicdevices for example. The transmitting of data from the motion captureelements to the user's computer may happen when possible, periodically,on an event basis, when polled, or in any other manner as will bedescribed in various sections herein. This saves great amount of powercompared to known systems that continuously send raw data in two ways,first data may be sent in event packets, within a time window around aparticular motion event which greatly reduces the data to a meaningfulsmall subset of total raw data, and secondly the data may be sent lessthan continuously, or at defined times, or when asked for data so as tolimit the total number of transmissions. The main intelligence in thesystem is generally in the mobile computer or server where moreprocessing power may be utilized and so as to take advantage of thecommunications capabilities that are ubiquitous in existing mobilecomputers for example. In one or more embodiments of the system, themobile computer may optionally obtain an identifier from the user orequipment, such as a passive RFID or active RFID or other identifier,which may be utilized by the mobile computer to determine what weight asuser is lifting, or what shoes a user is running with, or what weapon auser is using, or what type of activity a user is using based on theidentifier of the equipment. The mobile computer may analyze the motioncapture data locally and display, i.e., show or send information such asa message for example when a threshold is observed in the data, forexample when too many G-forces have been registered by a soldier or racecar driver, or when not enough motion is occurring (either at the timeor based on the patterns of data in the database as discussed belowbased on the user's typical motion patterns or other user's motionpatterns for example.) In other embodiments, once a user has performed acertain amount of motion, a message may be sent to compliancemonitor(s), including for example parents, children or elderly,managers, doctors, insurance companies, police, military, or any otherentity such as equipment manufacturers. The message may be an SMSmessage, or email, or tweet or any other type of electroniccommunication. If the particular embodiment is configured for remoteanalysis or only remote analysis, then the motion capture data may besent to the server/database. If the implementation does not utilize aremote database, the analysis on the mobile computer is local. If theimplementation includes a remote database, then the analysis may beperformed on the mobile computer or server/database or both. Once thedatabase obtains the motion capture data, then the data may be analyzedand a message may be sent from the server/database to compliancepersonnel or business entities as desired. Embodiments of the inventionmake use of the data from the mobile computer and/or server for gaming,morphological comparing, compliance, tracking calories burned, workperformed, monitoring of children or elderly based on motion or previousmotion patterns that vary during the day and night, safety monitoringfor troops when G-forces exceed a threshold or motion stops, local useof running, jumping throwing motion capture data for example on a cellphone including virtual reality applications that make use of the user'scurrent and/or previous data or data from other users, or play music orselect a play list based on the type of motion a user is performing ordata mining. For example if motion is similar to a known player in thedatabase, then that user's playlist may be sent to the user's mobilecomputer 101. The processing may be performed locally so if the motionis fast, fast music is played and if the motion is slow, then slow musicmay be played. Any other algorithm for playing music based on the motionof the user is in keeping with the spirit of the invention. Any use ofmotion capture data obtained from a motion capture element and app on anexisting user's mobile computer is in keeping with the spirit of theinvention, including using the motion data in virtual realityenvironments to show relative motion of an avatar of another playerusing actual motion data from the user in a previous performance or fromanother user including a historical player for example. Display ofinformation is generally performed via three scenarios, wherein displayinformation is based on the user's motion analysis data or related tothe user's piece of equipment and previous data, wherein previous datamay be from the same user/equipment or one or more otherusers/equipment. Under this scenario, a comparison of the current motionanalysis data with previous data associated with this user/equipmentallows for patterns to be analyzed with an extremely cost effectivesystem having a motion capture sensor and app. Under another scenario,the display of information is a function of the current user'sperformance, so that the previous data selected from the user or anotheruser/equipment is based on the current user's performance. This enableshighly realistic game play, for example a virtual tennis game against ahistorical player wherein the swings of a user are effectively respondedto by the capture motion from a historical player. This type ofrealistic game play with actual data both current and previously storeddata, for example a user playing against an average pattern of a top 10player in tennis, i.e., the speed of serves, the speed and angle ofreturn shots, for a given input shot of a user makes for game play thatis as realistic as is possible. Television images may be for exampleanalyzed to determine swing speeds and types of shots taken byhistorical players that may no longer be alive to test one's skillsagainst a master, as if the master was still alive and currently playingthe user. Compliance and monitoring by the user or a different user maybe performed in a third scenario without comparison to the user'sprevious or other user's previous data wherein the different user doesnot have access to or own for example the mobile computer. In otherwords, the mobile phone is associated with the user being monitored andthe different user is obtaining information related to the currentperformance of a user for example wearing a motion capture element, suchas a baby, or a diabetes patient.

FIG. 1D illustrates a data flow diagram for an embodiment of the system,for example that utilizes one or more motion capture elements and an“app” that is configured to execute on a mobile device. As shown motioncapture data is sent from a variety of motion capture elements 111 onmany different types of equipment or associated with user 150. Theequipment or user may optionally have an identifier 191 that enables thesystem to associate a value with the motion, i.e., the weight beinglifted, the type of racquet being used, the type of electronic devicebeing used, i.e., a game controller or other object such as baby pajamasassociated with second user 152, e.g., a baby. In one or moreembodiments, elements 191 in the figure may be replaced or augmentedwith motion capture elements 111, as one skilled in the art willappreciate. In one or more embodiments of the system, mobile computer101 receives the motion capture data, for example in event form and forexample on an event basis or when requested by mobile computer 101,e.g., after motion capture elements 111 declares that there is data andturns on a receiver for a fix amount of time to field requests so as tonot waste power, and if no requests are received, then turn the receiveroff for a period of time. Once the data is in mobile computer 101, thenthe data is analyzed, for example to take raw or event based motioncapture data and for example determine items such as average speed,etc., that are more humanly understandable in a concise manner. The datamay be stored, shown to the right of mobile computer 101 and then thedata may be displayed to user 150, or 151, for example in the form of amonitor or compliance text or email or on a display associated withmobile computer 101 or computer 105. This enables users not associatedwith the motion capture element and optionally not even the mobilecomputer potentially to obtain monitor messages, for example saying thatthe baby is breathing slowly, or for example to watch a virtual realitymatch or performance, which may include a user supplying motion capturedata currently, a user having previously stored data or a historicalplayer, such as a famous golfer, etc., after analysis of motion in videofrom past tournament performance(s). In gaming scenarios, where the dataobtained currently, for example from user 150 or equipment 110, thedisplay of data, for example on virtual reality glasses may make use ofthe previous data from that user/equipment or another user/equipment torespond to the user's current motion data, i.e., as a function of theuser's input. The previous data may be stored anywhere in the system,e.g., in the mobile computer 101, computer 105 or on the server ordatabase 172 (see FIG. 1).

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the overall modes of the softwareprogrammed to execute on the computer of the mobile device, wherein thecomputer is configured to optionally recognize the motion captureelements, obtain data, analyze the data and display motion analysisdata. Mode 201 shows mobile device 101 having display 120 that displaysa user with highlighted points on the user and/or piece of equipment. Inthis mode, each sensor is identified and assigned one by one to aparticular area of the user or piece of equipment so as to recognizewhich sensors correspond to which movements of the user and/or piece ofequipment. Mode 202 is the mode where the computer in mobile deviceobtains data associated with at least one motion capture element asrecognized in mode 201. Mode 203 is the mode where the data is analyzedto form motion analysis data and display the motion analysis dataoptionally in conjunction with at least one image of the user. Mode 204is the mode where the motion analysis data and optional at least oneimage of the user is saved, or retrieved to display at a later time. Theimages may be automatically captured from a second user's mobile deviceand transferred to the user's mobile device who swung the golf club sothat they user's don't have to switch phones while playing to obtainimage data for themselves. One algorithm embodiment detects a motioncapture element data for a club that is not associated with the user ofthe video camera based mobile phone and queries nearby mobile devices todetermine if they will accept the video. The mobile device of the userwho performed the swing may automatically transfer the video so thatafter the user has swung, the user can look at their own phone and seetheir image overlaid with motion capture data without having usersswitch phones to capture video for each other. The motion capture datamay be automatically stored in database 172 which for example may be inthe form of a social network, in which case the transfer of data (forexample a new maximum power score), may be automatically “tweeted” toInternet 171 and/or database 172 to notify everyone connected to theInternet of the new event. The upload of sensor data including anyimages/video and/or motion capture data may occur whenever a telephonicor other wireless link is available to database 172 for example. I.e.,the motion capture sensors may store data until they have a wirelesslink to mobile computer 101, and mobile computer 101 may also bufferdata including any analyzed motion capture data until a link to database172 is available. Alternatively, the data transfers may occur at definedtimes, upon events such as a shot occurrence or distance moved by themobile computer and hence the user, or polled by the database or in anyother manner. Once the data is in database 172 it may be data mined aspreviously discussed.

FIG. 3 illustrates displays associated with FIG. 2 in greater detail.Mode 201 includes sub-modes 201 a where each motion capture element isasserted, moved, switched on or other wise identified. Data and/ormetadata associated with the user such as age, height, weight, equipmentmanufacturer or model number and size may also be input in this screen.Alternatively, website 173 may be utilized to input this data or anyother user related data for example. This allows for data mining thedata and/or metadata and associated motion capture data later. Owners ofdatabase 172 may charge a fee for this service. Sub-mode 201 b allowsfor assignment of the motion capture element so asserted to a particularbody part of the user, or a location on the piece of equipment. Mode 202includes sub-modes 202 a where the computer obtains data associated withat least one motion capture element, either via image capture of one ormore motion capture elements implemented as visual markers, or viawireless sensors, or both visual markers and wireless sensors. Mode 203includes sub-mode 203 a where main motion analysis data items may bedisplayed, and sub-mode 203 b where detailed motion analysis data itemsmay be displayed. Mode 204 shows selection of an archive name to storearchive motion capture data, i.e., the motion analysis data and anyimages of the user. Mode 204 also allows for retrieval of an archivedmotion capture data by selected a list item on the display of the mobiledevice. In one or more embodiments, the motion capture archived data maybe stored on the mobile device or remotely on computer 105, or indatabase 172 accessed via network 170 and/or via Internet 171.

FIG. 4 illustrates and embodiment of the recognition module that isconfigured to assign particular sensors to particular locations on anathlete and/or on a piece of equipment. In this simplified interface formode 201, a mobile application is selected from the interface in the farleft screen shot that then displays a number of activities or sportsthat can be motion captured by embodiments of the system. Selecting thedesired sport via a finger gesture or any other manner in this displayshows sub-mode screen 201 c that allows for the assignment of sensors toareas of the user's body, and/or sub-mode screen 201 d that allows forthe assignment of sensors to areas on the equipment for the particularsport selected in the second screen from the left in the figure.Automatic determination of the assigned sensor locations is alsopossible based on analyzing the spatial data obtain from a golf swing.For example by determining the positions, or speed of the varioussensors, an automatic assignment may be made, for example by taking thefastest moving component and assigning that to the golf club head, whiletaking the next fastest component and assigning that component to thehands, etc. Any other technique for automatically assigning sensors tolocations of embodiments of the invention is in keeping with the spiritof the invention. In embodiments of the invention that utilize RFID orother identifier mechanism coupled with the golf club, such as a uniqueidentifier per motion capture element for example, the user may enter agolf club number associated with a particular golf club so that thesystem knows which club is in proximity to the mobile computer or whichgolf club number for example has been moved through a golf swing. Forbaseball, the thick end of the bat generally moves faster and travelsfarther than the handle, and the system can automatically determinewhich sensor is which by analyzing the speed for example or totaldistance travelled when the bat is moved in a substantially horizontalplane. This automatic assignment makes the system easy to use andapplies to all types of equipment, as one skilled in the art willappreciate.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the obtain data module that isconfigured to obtain data from a camera (optionally on the mobile deviceor obtain through another camera or camera on another mobile device)through asserting the “start” button on the display. Any other method ofinitiating the computer within the mobile device to obtain data is inkeeping with the spirit of the system including user gestures such asmoving the piece of equipment in a particular manner or in any otherway. This is shown as sub-mode 202 a. When motion data capture is to beterminated, any user gesture may be performed via the display of themobile device, via the piece of equipment or via audio input to themobile device for example. Any other method of informing the computer tono longer obtain data is in keeping with the spirit of the system.Sub-mode 203 a where main motion analysis data items may be displayed,and sub-mode 203 b where detailed motion analysis data items may bedisplayed are shown with “close” buttons, so that the data can beignored for example. In addition, a slider in sub-mode 203 a allows forprecise control of the speed and/or location of the playback so thatslow motion analysis may be utilized to better understand the analysisand display of motion analysis data. In addition, the figure showsdisplays data analyzed by the analysis module and generated by thedisplay module to show either the user along with motion analysis data,or with motion analysis data alone. Double clicking or tapping on adetailed item may optionally display a list of exercises that a user mayperform to increase the user's performance.

FIG. 6 illustrates a detailed drill down into the motion analysis datato display including overall efficiency, head, torso, hip, hand, club,left and right foot segment efficiencies. Embodiments of the system thusenable physical training specific to the area that a user needs asdetermined by the analysis module. For example, asserting, doubleclicking or tapping, or clicking on the “training” button on the bottomof each efficiency screen as shown may display video, audio, or a listof exercises that a user may perform to increase the user's performancespecific to that segment. In addition, by asserting the “fitting” buttonon each segment display, a detailed list of pieces of equipment that mayperform better for the user based on the motion analysis data may beviewed. For example, if the user is swing too stiff of a golf club, thenthe golf club may be taking power out of the swing by slowing downbefore impacting a golf ball, while a more flexible shaft would speed upbefore impacting a golf ball. By asserting the “fitting” button, andbased on the motion analysis data, for example club head speed or ifmultiple sensors are fitted on the shaft, then by the flexing of theshaft, then alternate golf clubs may be displayed to the user. The usermay then press the purchase button, as will be detailed later, topurchase or custom order equipment that is better suited to the user.The displays shown in FIG. 6 or any of the other figures that displaydata associated with the user may also include data mining results orcomparisons or suggestions or fields for searching and performing datamining. For example, the power factor achieved for a given swing may becompared against average users or professional users and suggest otherequipment that may improve performance as per data mining patternsdiscovered in database 172 and stored for example in table 184. Thisdata may be viewed in an augmented reality environment or with virtualreality glasses, etc.

FIG. 7 illustrates a close up display of motion analysis data associatedwith a user, without use of an image associated with a user. In thisclose-up of sub-mode 203 b, the efficiency, swing speed, release speed,face alignment angle and other quantities associated with the motionanalysis data are displayed. Any data that is obtained or that can beanalyzed and derived may be displayed. This includes any data previouslysaved in database 172 or data mined from database 172 for example. Allof the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2-7 may be utilized to displayphysical characteristics of the user, or prompt the user for movement toenable the app to accept and calculate various physical dimensions orrange of motion or speed or any combination thereof as one skilled inthe art will recognize.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of the motion capture element thatoptionally includes a visual marker and/or sensor. One or moreembodiments of the sensors are small, for example 12 mm or less indiameter and 4 mm or less thick in one embodiment. In addition, thesensors are inexpensive, lightweight, for example less than 5 grams inone or more embodiments. The sensors may utilize known wirelesscommunications protocols such as BLUETOOTH™ with a range ofapproximately 10 meters for Bluetooth class 2, or 100 meters forBluetooth class 1. Embodiments of the sensor may sample at 1200 timesper second or higher or lower depending on the desired performancerequirements. The sensors may be sealed for water resistance or proofingand while some embodiments may be opened, for example to replace abattery held inside the sensor housing. Any other sensor havingdimensions or capabilities that allow for measurement of any combinationof one or more of orientation, position, velocity and/or accelerationthat may couple to a piece of equipment or user may be utilized in oneor more embodiments as a motion capture element.

FIG. 9 illustrates a front view of FIG. 8. In this figure, the visualmarker is shown from above and signifies an instrumented user. Thecontrast between black and white allows for ease of capture.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of motion capture element 111implemented with a single white circle on a black passive marker andgray scale images thereof to show how the marker can be tracked byobtaining an image and searching for a luminance change from black towhite as shown at point 1001. Any other image processing algorithm maybe utilized to find an embodiment of the motion capture element withinan image as one skilled in the art will recognize, for example based ona color difference or gradient detected in an image in the area of anembodiment of motion capture element 111.

FIG. 11 illustrates a hardware implementation of the sensor portion of amotion capture element implemented as a wireless inertial measurementunit, and an embodiment as configured to couple with a weight port of agolf club for example. Printed circuit board (PCB) may be utilized tohold the various components of the sensor including any orientation,position, velocity and/or accelerometers. Hole 1101 may be utilized as ascrew hole or other coupling point for coupling motion capture element111 to a piece of equipment, such as into a weight port of a golf club.Alternatively, threads at location 1102 or at location 1103 may beutilized to screw motion capture element 111 onto the piece ofequipment. Any other method of coupling motion capture element to apiece of equipment or user is in keeping with the spirit of theinvention. Embodiments of the invention may also be placed near the headof a golf club, in the handle of a golf club, or in any other piece ofequipment. When placing an embodiment of the invention near the golfclub head or handle, an adapter may be utilized so as to fit theapparatus to the specific make and/or model of the golf club. Eachmanufacturer has multiple types of weight port sizes, locations andshapes and any adapter that can for example screw into a weight porthole and also fit threads at location 1102 may be utilized as anadapter. For handles, any tube size for a given make or model of a clubmay be utilized as an adapter so long as it allows the components ofembodiments of the invention to fit inside the golf club and withstandthe forces involved with a golf club swing.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the motion capture element asconfigured to couple with different golf club types and a shoe. As shownin the leftmost figure, motion capture element 111 can couple directlyto a piece of equipment such as a golf club in the rear portion of theclub head. As the second from left figure illustrates, motion captureelement 111 may couple onto the bottom of a piece of equipment, such asa golf putter. In addition, as the third figure from the leftillustrates, motion capture element 111 may couple into the weight portof a piece of equipment, such as a driver. Furthermore, motion captureelement may couple with a piece of equipment that is worn by the user,effectively coupling with the user as shown in the rightmost figure.

FIG. 13 illustrates a close-up of the shoe of FIG. 12 along with apressure map of a shoe configured with a pressure matt inside the shoeconfigured to output pressure per particular areas of the shoe. In thisembodiment, motion capture element may also interface to a pressuresensing mat capable of producing pressure map 1301 from inside of theshoe and relay the pressure information to the mobile device foranalysis. Alternatively, pressure sensors may be placed through theshoe, for example in a grid, to provide weight bearing information tothe mobile device, for example wirelessly via the motion captureelement. Each pressure sensor may couple to a transceiver or contain itsown transceiver, or couple via wires or wirelessly to the motion captureelement in order to transmit pressure data, for example to display ondisplay 120. By color coding the map and displaying the map on display120, a color graphic rating is thus obtained, which may includenumerical ratings of the pressure signature when compared to savedpressure maps which resulted in good swings for example.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of sunglasses configured with a motioncapture element. In addition, the sunglasses may also include a videoviewing device that may be utilized for display 120 so that the user maywatch images of the user with motion analysis data via the sunglasses.In this manner, any computer 160, 105, or any other computer coupled tonetwork 170 or Internet 171 may be utilized to obtain data and analyzedata so that the resulting motion analysis data may be displayed on thesunglasses, for example for virtual reality and/or augmented virtualreality display. Viewing past performance data in the form of avatarsthat move according to motion capture data held in database 172 forexample enables a user to view relative performance, i.e., a user wouldsee a faster user's avatar running in front of the current user forexample, or to play a game, i.e., tennis for example with an avatar ofanother user or the given user moving according to motion capture datain database 172. Playing games using actual stored motion capture dataprovides the most realistic virtual reality possible. For example, givenone user having a motion capture element or more coupled with the userallows the user to play another user having a motion capture element, orplay against a previously stored performance of the same user, or both,or play along with a historical figure such as a famous player whetherstill alive or not, or play against a data mined “constructed” playerthat has some combination or function of motion data mined from previousperformances of motion data previously stored for one or more users.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a display that depicts the locationof a golf ball strike as determined by the oscillations in the golf clubface during and/or after the golf club impacts a golf ball. In one ormore embodiments of the invention, if the golf ball impacts the club atlocation 1501, then a particular frequency response is obtained viaorientation or velocity sensors in motion capture element 111 that iscoupled with the club shown. If the golf ball impacts the club atlocation 1502, then a distinct frequency response is obtained via themotion capture element 111 coupled to the club. One embodiment fordetermining where a ball impacts a club involves recording impacts froma variety of locations at a range of speeds and using the resultingfrequency responses to determine which one is the closest to the impactdetected. Impacts that occur high or low on the club face tend toproduce a vertical axis oscillation of greater amplitude than impactsthat occur at location 1501. Impacts that occur closer to the shaft tendto produce lower amplitude oscillations in the horizontal axis thanimpacts that occur further from the shaft. Hence, another method fordetermining impact is to form a ratio of the amplitude of horizontal tovertical axis frequency amplitude and then search for the closest matchfrom a saved set of impact frequency responses and retrieve the x and ylocations on the club face where the closest match has occurred. Inanother embodiment of the system, a series of impacts is recording atthe center of the club and at 4 points away from the center along thepositive x axis, (away from the shaft), positive z axis (above thecenter point of the face), negative x axis (near the shaft) and negativez axis (below the center point of the face) wherein the motion captureelement transmits x, y and z velocities associated with the impact. Thevelocities are converted into the frequency domain and saved. Then, whendetermining an impact location for a test swing, an interpolationbetween the impact in question and the center point and 4 other pointsis performed to determine the location of the impact. Any other methodof determining the impact location that does not require other sensorsbesides the motion capture element coupled to the club is in keepingwith the spirit of the invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a camera alignment tool as utilized with embodimentsof the system to create normalized images for capture data mining. Inthis figure, level lines 1601 are shown that for example become brighterwhen the mobile device is level. Any other manner of displaying that themobile device is level may also be utilized. Icons on the left side ofthe screen show that the motion capture data and images may be saved,emailed, or sent to popular social networking sites such as FACEBOOK®and TWITTER®. FIG. 17 illustrates a balance box and center alignmentline to aid in centering a user to obtain image data. FIG. 18illustrates a balance box and center alignment line, along with primaryand secondary shaft lines to aid in centering and analyzing images ofthe user for use in capturing data from the side of the user. Once theuser is centered, the computer may obtain data and images that arenormalized to the horizontal plane.

FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of the display configured to aid inclub fitting for a user, wherein a user may test multiple clubs andwherein the display shows motion analysis data. For embodiments of thesystem that include purchase and order fulfillment options, buttons suchas “purchase” and “customer order” may be utilized. Alternatively, a“buy” button 1902 may be shown in “club fitting” mode 1901 that enablesa user to buy or custom order a custom club that the user is workingwith. In one or more embodiments of the invention the equipmentidentifier may be sent over Internet 171 to an Internet based dropshipper (or via website 173 for a salesperson to receive and communicatewith the user, or in any other manner as one skilled in the art willappreciate including but not limited to text messaging, emails or phonecalls to a sales person directly from the mobile computer withtelephonic interface) along with user information for example on mobilecomputer 101 or in table 180 of FIG. 1B to ship the equipment to theaddress associated with the user. Table 180 may also include credit cardinformation or other payment information for example. The purchase maybe made within a virtual reality environment for example during a gamebeing played with remote, virtual or historical players for example,wherein the “Buy” button is viewed in virtual reality space and assertedfor example by “touching” the virtual button or in any other manner. Inaddition, the Buy button may be displayed to the user when the systemcalculates that the particular player being displayed is similar to theuser and wherein the app presents the make/model/size of the piece ofequipment to buy. In addition, the average score for similar sized usersusing that piece of equipment may be shown to the user and a reductionin score may be presented to the user to shown the user how much thesuggested piece of equipment would improve the user's average score. Theuser may for example be watching TV on the mobile device and not playinggolf at the time for example, and still purchase the equipment based onthe user's saved physical characteristics.

FIG. 20 illustrates an embodiment of the display configured to displaymotion analysis data along with the user, some of which is overlaid ontothe user to aid in understanding the motion analysis data in a morehuman understandable format. For example, rotation rings 2003 may beshown overlaid on one or more images of the user to shown the angle ofthe axis of rotation of portions of the user's body, such as shouldersand hips. In addition, motion analysis data associated with the user canbe shown numerically as shown for example as “efficiency” of the swing2002, and velocity of the swing 2001. The motion capture data and imagesmay be saved to database 172 and later utilized to play a game againstanother player for example on a virtual reality golf course.Alternatively, or in combination, the data may be streamed between todistally located players with or without historical data, or thehistorical data may be saved on one or more machines and streamedbetween users without accessing the database for example. The player maybe a historical player whose performance data has been analyzed andstored in the database for later game playing for example.

FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of the system configured to display auser from multiple angles 2101 when multiple cameras are available. Anyalgorithm that may process images to eliminate backgrounds for examplemay be utilized to show multiple instances of the user on onebackground. Alternatively, one or more embodiments of the system mayshow one image of the user at a time in slow motion as the user moves,while changing the angle of the view of the user in normal time, whichis known as BULLET TIME®.

FIG. 22 illustrates another embodiment of the multi-angle display as isalso shown in FIG. 21. This figure also includes three-dimensionaloverlay graphics 2201 to aid in understanding the motion analysis datain a more human understandable manner. Second instance of the user 2202may or may not be shown with the same overlay from a different angle.

FIG. 23 shows an embodiment of the system configured to display motionanalysis data on a mobile computer, personal computer, IPAD® or anyother computer with a display device large enough to display the desireddata.

In any embodiments detailed herein, efficiency may be calculated in avariety of ways and displayed. For embodiments of the invention thatutilize one motion capture element, then the motion capture elementassociated with the club head may be utilized to calculate theefficiency. In one or more embodiments of the invention, efficiency maybe calculated as:

Efficiency=(90−angle of club face with respect to direction oftravel)*Vc/Vmax

As more sensors are added further from the piece of equipment, such asin this case a club, the more refined the efficiency calculation may be.FIG. 24 illustrates a timeline display of motion analysis data thatshows multiple sensor angular speeds obtained from multiple sensors on auser and on a piece of equipment. FIG. 25 illustrates a timeline displayof angular speed of a second user. One or more embodiments of the systemmay calculate an efficiency based on relative times of the peaks of thehips, shoulders, arms and club for example. In one or more embodimentsof the invention utilizing more than one motion capture element, forexample on the handle and club head, the angular velocity Wa of thehandle is divided by the angular velocity We of the club head tocalculate efficiency with more information. By obtaining a large numberof timelines from various professional athletes and determining averageamplitudes of angular velocities of various body parts and/or timings,then more refined versions of the efficiency equation may be created andutilized. Old video may be analyzed by determining the difference indistances shown versus the time between frames for a particular video todetermine speeds, which may be stored as previous motion capture datafor use in virtual reality environments and scenarios.

Efficiency=(90−angle of club face with respect to direction oftravel)*Vc/Vmax*Wa/Wc*1.2

FIG. 26 illustrates a timeline display of a user along with peak andminimum angular speeds along the timeline shown as events along the timeline instead of as Y-axis data as shown in FIGS. 24 and 25. In thisunique view, the points in time where the peaks of the graphs of FIGS.24 and 25 are shown as colored boxes that correspond to the colors ofthe graphs in FIGS. 24 and 25, yet in a more human understandable formatthat shows the relative timing of the peaks. In addition, at the bottomof FIG. 26 a graph showing the lead and lag of the golf club along withthe droop and drift of the golf club is shown wherein these valuesdetermine how much the golf club shaft is bending in two axes as plottedagainst time.

One or more embodiments of the system may analyze the peaks and/ortiming of the peaks in order to determine a list of exercises to provideto a user to improve the mechanics of the user. For example, if the armsare rotating too late or with not enough speed, a list can be providedto the user such as:

TABLE 1 Arm Speed Exercise 1000-1500 degrees/sec Impact Bag Drawbacks1501-1750 degrees/sec Drawbacks 1751-2000 degrees/sec No drills

The list of exercises may include any exercises for any body part andmay displayed on display 120. For example, by asserting the “Training”button on the displays shown in FIG. 6, a corresponding body part listof exercises may be displayed on display 120.

FIG. 27 illustrates a display of the calculated flight path 2701 of aball based on the motion analysis data wherein the display is associatedwith any type of computer, personal computer, IPAD® or any other type ofdisplay capable of displaying images. FIG. 28 illustrates a display ofthe calculated flight path 2801 of a ball based on motion analysis datawherein the display is coupled with a mobile device. After a swing of agolf club, and based on the club head speed as determined by motioncapture element 111, the loft of the club and the angle at which theclub strikes the ball (meaning that there is another motion captureelement in the handle or near the hands of the user), a flight path maybe calculated and displayed. Any model may be utilized as is known inthe art to calculate the trajectory based on the club velocity asmeasure via motion capture element 111, one such model is described in apaper by MacDonald and Hanzely, “The physics of the drive in golf”, Am.J. Phys 59 (3) 213-218 (1991). In addition, the actual distancescalculated and store in the database, for example as differences betweenlocations of shots for example in table 183 in database 172 may be usedto verify or refine the model and may take into account the type ofequipment, club and ball for example utilized to refine the model, forexample with regression analysis, or in any other manner. See FIG. 37for one embodiment of the equation used to calculate the accelerationsin the x, y and z axes wherein:

x=laterally sideways (right is positive, left is negative)

y=down the fairway (always positive)

z=vertically upwards (up is positive, down is negative)

B=a constant dependent on the conditions of the air, an appropriatevalue=0.00512

u=vector of relative velocity between the ball and the air (i.e. wind),u=v−v_(w)

Cd=coefficient of drag which depends on the speed and spin of the ball

Cl=coefficient of drag which depends on the speed and spin of the ball

a=the angle between the vertical and the axis of rotation of thespinning ball

g=the acceleration due to gravity=32.16 ft/s2

A numerical form of the equations may be utilized to calculate theflight path for small increments of time assuming no wind and a spinaxis of 0.1 radians or 5.72 degrees is as follows:

xacceleration=−0.00512*(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½)*((46.0/(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½))*(vx)+(33.4/(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½))*(vy)*sin(0.1))

yacceleration=−0.00512*(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½)*((46.0/(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½))*(vy)−(33.4/(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½))*((vx)*sin(0.1)−(vz)*cos(0.1)))

zacceleration=−32.16−0.00512*(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½)*((46.0/(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½))*(vz)−(33.4/(vx̂2+vŷ2+vẑ2)̂(½))*(vy)*cos(0.1))

FIG. 29 illustrates a display of a broadcast television event wherein atleast one motion capture element in the form of a motion sensor iscoupled with the golf club and optionally the user. The display can beshown in normal time after the athlete strikes the ball, or in slowmotion with motion analysis data including the three-dimensional overlayof the position of the sensor on the end of the club shown as a traceline and including the angle of the plane 2901 in which the swing takesplace versus the horizontal plane. In addition, other motion analysisdata may be shown such as the swing speed 2902, distance (calculated oractual) and efficiency 2903. This information or information in anyother display described herein may be shown with or relative to datamining results of past performances of the player or other player forexample based in any manner.

FIG. 30 illustrates a display of the swing path with a strobe effectwherein the golf club in this example includes sensors on the club headand near the handle, or optionally near the hands or in the gloves ofthe user. Optionally, imaged based processing from a high-speed cameramay be utilized to produce the display. A line or captured portion ofthe actual shaft from images may be displayed at angle 3001, 3002 and3003 for example. The swing path for good shots can be compared to swingpaths for inaccurate shots to display the differences in a humanunderstandable manner. The distance between the club head in pixels maybe utilized in combination with the length of the club and angle thereofto determine the speed of the club based on the time between images. Thecalculated speed and various angles may be stored for later use in avirtual reality game for example.

FIG. 31 illustrates a display of shaft efficiency 3105 as measuredthrough the golf swing. For example, by obtaining motion capture datanear the club head and club handle, graphical strobe effects and motionanalysis data can show the club head through time at 3101, 3102, 3103and 3104 and also display speed, club handle speed and club shaftefficiency at 3106 in normal time or slow motion.

FIG. 32 illustrates a display of putter head speed and/or accelerationbased on at least one sensor near the putter head, for example ascoupled into the weight port of a putter. The various quantities fromthe motion analysis data can be displayed at 3201 to aid inunderstanding speed and/or acceleration patterns for good putts and badputts to help viewers understand speed and/or acceleration in a morehuman understandable manner.

FIG. 33 illustrates a display of dynamic lie angle, wherein the lieangle of the player at address 3302 before swinging at the ball can becompared to the lie angle at impact 3301 to help the viewer understandhow lie angle effects loft and ball flight, while quantitatively showingthe values at 3303.

FIG. 34 illustrates a display of shaft release, wherein the angularrelease velocity of the golf shaft is a large component of theefficiency of a swing. As shown, a display of a golfer that has sensorsnear his waist and hips (to produce spine angle 3402) and sensors on thegolf club head and handle (to produce shaft angle 3401), or asdetermined through image processing with or without visual markers, isshown along with the motion analysis data including club shaft releasein degrees per second at 3403.

FIG. 35 illustrates a display of rotational velocity wherein the faceangle, club face closure in degrees per second, the loft angle and lieangle are determined from a motion capture sensor coupled with the clubhead for example and numerically shown at 3501. In one or moreembodiments of the invention, a piece of equipment that includes twomotion capture elements on opposing ends of the equipment, for examplein the club head and handle of a golf club may include a calibrationstage wherein the club face angle which is known and the angularorientations of the mounted motion capture sensors are calibrated sothat their exact offsets for example with respect to the orientation ofthe shaft of the golf club is taken into account. In this manner,fitting experts and performance data in general related to the club canbe normalized to the actual orientation of the club to ensure consistentdata. Any of the previous video images may be utilized in virtualreality simulations, scenarios or games by determining the angles,speeds, accelerations or other changes between known time differences ineach frame of video. For example for 30 frames per second, each image inthe video differs by 0.033 seconds, by knowing the size of a club, thedistance between the location of the club in successive frames, dividedby the time between frames is equal to the velocity of the club, i.e.,v=d/t. Any method of calculating motion or any derivative thereof basedon different locations of objects in video is in keeping with the spiritof the invention.

FIG. 36 illustrates a display of historical players with motion analysisdata computed through image processing to show the performance of greatplayers. By tracing and determining the locations of two points 3601 and3602 on each player's golf club as shown and knowing the height of theplayers and/or lengths of their clubs and angle at which the imageswhere taken, distances and thus velocities of the golf clubs may bedetermined to calculate numerical values as shown at 3603. Thisinformation may be stored posthumously in database 172 and data miningmay be performed using the data as previously described. Users 150 maybe compared against the greats and displayed on any computer describedherein for example so long as the computer includes a display. In one ormore embodiments, the players shown may be avatars in a virtual realitygame, which are moving in concert with real instrumented players or datafrom a previous performance of the same or other user or the motion of ahistorical player as analyzed in one or more embodiments of theinvention. Any model or avatar of a user, whether following the motionof an instrumented user, or previous motion of the user or another useror historical player may be utilized in displaying players in a virtualreality game, albeit using motion capture data whether calculated orfrom a motion capture sensor associated with a player or piece ofequipment. Also shown is a red cross in the right image below the 96power factor which is an aim assist or aim guide that may be utilized bya player in a virtual reality environment to help in deciding where toaim.

In one scenario, a first user buys an instrumented piece of equipmentand decides to play a virtual game as is illustrated in FIG. 36A. Themethod begins at 3650. The first user selects a real or virtual locationto play the game, for example the Master's Tournament of 1960 and thesystem accepts this at 3651. This may include a broadcast of the game orotherwise enable a group to find to play with, or the selection anyhistorical player to play with, or previous motion from the same player,or otherwise enables other users to find the first user to enter thegame. The first user selects an avatar that the system accepts at 3652,for example the player shown on the right or a virtual character of anytype. The first user may optionally select an aim assist/swing assistthat the system accepts at 3653, for example to display a cross hair tohelp select where to shoot at, as shown in the right image and based onthe wind at the particular golf course the user is playing at or thesimulated wind speed and direction. The first user plays the game andviews the motion of the avatar in the VR as the user accepts motioncapture data from the user and the avatar is moved accordingly anddisplayed by the system at 3654, for example wearing the VR glassesshown in FIG. 14. The system then broadcasts the motion data to theother user(s) and shows the other user's motion when they take turnsplaying at 3655. As users play, they may track each other's metrics overthe net or locally, and/or see the metrics of the historical player orpreviously stored data of the first or second user. In one or moreembodiments, the users may optionally hear feedback based on shots aspresented by the system at 3656, for example cheers or boos or pleasanttones or not so pleasant tones for a bad shot. If the users are doneplaying as accepted by the system at 3657, the users may save the gameat 3658 and play the game back later, for example retrieve the data fromdatabase 172 at a later time. Otherwise, the system accepts motioncapture data of any real users and broadcasts the motion to the virtualreality environment for the other real users to see at 3654 and 3655until they finish or otherwise quit the game.

FIG. 37 illustrates one embodiment of the equations used for predictinga golf ball flight path as used to produce displays as shown in FIGS. 27and 28.

While the ideas herein disclosed has been described by means of specificembodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications andvariations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fitting system for sporting equipmentcomprising: at least one motion capture element comprising a wirelesscommunication interface configured to transmit motion capture data fromthe at least one motion capture element; an application configured toexecute on a computer that is configured to wirelessly communicate withsaid at least one motion capture sensor wherein the application isconfigured to prompt a first user to move the motion capture sensor to afirst location; accept a first motion capture data from the motioncapture sensor at the first location via the wireless communicationinterface; prompt the first user to move the motion capture sensor to asecond location or rotational value; accept a second motion capture datafrom the motion capture sensor at the second location or rotationalvalue via the wireless communication interface; calculate a distance orrotation between the first and second location or rotational value basedon the first and second motion capture data; prompt the first user tomove through a movement; accept a third motion capture data from themotion capture sensor for the movement via the wireless communicationinterface; calculate a speed for the movement based on the third motioncapture data; calculate a correlation between the distance and the speedfor the first user with respect to a plurality of other users; presentinformation associated with a piece of equipment associated with asecond user or associated with a second user distance, a second userrotation or a second user speed wherein the information presented is aresult of the correlation with at least the distance or the rotation orthe speed or any combination, of the first user.
 2. The fitting systemfor sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said application isfurther configured to prompt the first user to couple the motion capturesensor to said piece of equipment; wherein said movement is obtainedfrom said motion capture element coupled with the piece of equipment;and, wherein said information comprises data associated with anoptimally sized piece of equipment associated with a second user havinga maximum value correlation with at least the distance or the rotationor the speed or any combination, of the first user.
 3. The fittingsystem for sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said distancerepresents a height or an arm length, or a torso length, or a leg lengthof the first user or any combination thereof.
 4. The fitting system forsporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said distance representsa wrist to floor measurement of the first user.
 5. The fitting systemfor sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said distancerepresents a hand size or longest finger size of the first user or boththe hand size and longest finger size of the first user.
 6. The fittingsystem for sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein saidapplication is further configured to: display one or more images toenable the first user to view a sporting event.
 7. The fitting systemfor sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said application isfurther configured to: accept an input from the first user to purchasethe piece of equipment based the distance and the speed previouslystored with respect to the first user.
 8. The fitting system forsporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said application isfurther configured to: calculate a range of motion between the first andsecond rotational value; wherein the calculate the correlation furtherincludes range of motion associated with the first user with respect tothe plurality of other users.
 9. The fitting system for sportingequipment according to claim 1 wherein said application is furtherconfigured to: calculate a speed of the first user without the piece ofequipment between the first and second location; wherein the calculatethe correlation further includes speed of the first user without thepiece of equipment with respect to the plurality of other users.
 10. Thefitting system for sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein saidapplication is further configured to: prompt the first user for an ageof the first user; wherein the calculate the correlation furtherincludes age associated with the first user with respect to theplurality of other users.
 11. The fitting system for sporting equipmentaccording to claim 1 wherein said application is further configured to:present information associated with a grip or length of the optimallysized piece of equipment, or any combination thereof.
 12. The fittingsystem for sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein saidapplication is further configured to: present information associatedwith a stiffness of the optimally sized piece of equipment.
 13. Thefitting system for sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein saidapplication is further configured to: present information associatedwith a model or manufacturer of the optimally sized piece of equipmentor any combination thereof.
 14. The fitting system for sportingequipment according to claim 1 wherein said application is furtherconfigured to: recognize when the at least one motion capture element isremoved from the piece of equipment based on the motion capture data.15. The fitting system for sporting equipment according to claim 1wherein said application is further configured to: recognize when orwhere the at least one motion capture element is coupled with the pieceof equipment or the first user based on the motion capture data.
 16. Thefitting system for sporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein saidcomputer is further configured to: recognize when the at least onemotion capture element is removed from the piece of equipment andcoupled with a second piece of equipment based on the motion capturedata.
 17. The fitting system for sporting equipment according to claim 1wherein said computer is further configured to: predict a firstderivative or other derivate based on age or growth with respect to timeto determine the optimally sized piece of equipment for a current pointin time or for a longest time that said optimally sized piece ofequipment should last for the first user.
 18. The fitting system forsporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said computer is furtherconfigured to: present exercises and/or stretches that would improveperformance to a predicted performance level based on performance dataassociated with the plurality of other users.
 19. The fitting system forsporting equipment according to claim 1 wherein said computer is furtherconfigured to: present equipment that would be appropriate for anincrease strength or flexibility so that the first user can grow into,or improve into equipment.
 20. The fitting system for sporting equipmentaccording to claim 1 wherein said computer is further configured to:detect areas of the body of the first user that may be indicative ofinjury associated with the motion capture data; and, alert the firstuser.
 21. The fitting system for sporting equipment according to claim 1wherein said computer is further configured to: analyze the motioncapture data for gait analysis for shoe fitting.